The Importance of Infrastructure

Infrastructure is a term architects, engineers, and urban planners use to describe essential facilities, services, and organizational structures for communal use, most commonly by residents of cities and towns. Politicians often think of infrastructure in terms of how a nation can help corporations move and deliver their goods—water, electricity, sewage, and merchandise are all about movement and delivery via infrastructure. Infra- means below, and sometimes these elements are literally below the ground, like water and natural gas supply systems. In modern environments, infrastructure is thought to be any facility we expect but dont think about because it works for us in the  background, unnoticed—below our radar. The global information infrastructure for communications and internet involves satellites in space—not underground at all, but we rarely think about how that last Tweet got to us so quickly. Infrastructure is not American or exclusive to the United States. For example, engineers in nations across the globe have developed high-tech solutions for flood control—one system that protects an entire community. All countries have infrastructure in some form, which can include these systems: Roads, tunnels, and bridges, including the Interstate Highway SystemMass-transit systems (e.g., trains and rails)Airport runways and control towersTelephone lines and cellphone towersDams and reservoirsHurricane barriersLevees and pumping stationsWaterways, canals, and portsElectrical power lines and connections (i.e., the national power grid)Fire stations and equipmentHospitals, clinics, and emergency response systemsSchoolsLaw enforcement and prisonsSanitation and waste removal facilities for solid waste, wastewater, and hazardous wastePost offices and mail deliveryPublic parks and other types of green infrastructure Infrastructure Definition infrastructure:  The framework of interdependent networks and systems comprising identifiable industries, institutions (including people and procedures), and distribution capabilities that provide a reliable flow of products and services essential to the defense and economic security of the United States, the smooth functioning of governments at all levels, and society as a whole. — Report of the President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection, 1997 Why Infrastructure Is Important We all use these systems, which are often called public works, and we expect them to function for us, but we dont like to pay for them. Many times the cost is hidden in plain view—added taxes to your utility and telephone bill, for example, may help pay for infrastructure. Even teenagers with motorbikes help pay for infrastructure with every gallon of gasoline used. A highway-user tax is added to each gallon of motor fuel (e.g., gasoline, diesel, gasohol) sold. This money goes into what is called the Highway Trust Fund in order to pay for repairs and replacement of roads, bridges, and tunnels. Likewise, each airline ticket you buy has a federal excise tax that should be used to maintain the infrastructure needed to support air travel.  Both state and federal governments are allowed to add taxes to certain products and services in order to help pay for the infrastructure that supports them. The infrastructure may begin to crumble if the tax doesnt keep increasing enough. Thes e excise taxes are consumption taxes that are in addition to your income taxes, which also can be used to pay for infrastructure. Infrastructure is important because we all pay for it and we all use it. Paying for infrastructure can be as complicated as the infrastructure itself. Nevertheless, most people depend on transportation systems and public utilities, which also are essential for the economic vitality of our businesses. As Senator Elizabeth Warren (Dem, MA) famously stated, You built a factory out there? Good for you. But I want to be clear: you moved your goods to market on the roads the rest of us paid for; you hired workers the rest of us paid to educate; you were safe in your factory because of police forces and fire forces that the rest of us paid for. You didnt have to worry that marauding bands would come and seize everything at your factory, and hire someone to protect against this, because of the work the rest of us did. — Sen. Elizabeth Warren, 2011 When Infrastructure Fails When natural disasters strike, stable infrastructure is necessary for swift delivery of emergency supplies and medical care. When fires rage in drought-ravaged areas of the U.S. we expect firefighters to be on the scene until the neighborhoods are safe. All countries are not so fortunate. In Haiti, for example, the lack of well-developed infrastructure contributed to the deaths and injuries suffered during and after the earthquake of January 2010. Every citizen should expect to live in comfort and safety. On the most basic level, every community requires access to clean water and sanitary waste disposal. Poorly maintained infrastructure can lead to a devastating loss of life and property. Examples of failed infrastructure in the U.S. include: When the Oroville Dams spillway eroded, thousands of Californians evacuated, 2017Unsafe drinking water from lead supply pipes affected the health of children in Flint, Michigan, 2014Sewer spills during hard rains in Houston, Texas created a public health hazard, 2009The collapse of Interstate 35W Bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota killed motorists, 2007Failure of the levees and pump stations after Hurricane Katrina flooded communities in New Orleans, Louisiana, 2005 Governments Role in Infrastructure Investing in infrastructure is nothing new for governments. Thousands of years ago, Egyptians built irrigation and transportation systems with dams and canals. Ancient Greeks and Romans built roads and aqueducts that still stand today. The 14th-century Parisian sewers have become tourist destinations. Governments around the world have realized that investing in and maintaining a healthy infrastructure is an important government function. Australias Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development claims that It is an investment that has a multiplier effect throughout the economy, generating lasting economic, social and environmental benefits. In an age of terrorist threats and attacks, the U.S. has stepped up efforts to secure critical infrastructure, extending the list of examples to  systems related to Information and communications, gas and oil production/storage/transportation, and even banking and finance. The list is the subject of an ongoing debate. Critical infrastructures now include national monuments (e.g. Washington Monument), where an attack might cause a large loss of life or adversely affect the nation’s morale. They also include the chemical industry....A fluid definition of what constitutes a critical infrastructure could complicate policymaking and actions. — Congressional Research Service, 2003 In the U.S. the Infrastructure Security Division and the  National Infrastructure Simulation and Analysis Center are part of the Department of Homeland Security. Watchdog groups like the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) keep track of progress and needs by issuing an infrastructure report card every year. Books About Infrastructure Infrastructure: The Book of Everything for the Industrial Landscape by Brian HayesThe Works: Anatomy of a City by Kate AscherMove: How to Rebuild and Reinvent Americas Infrastructure by Rosabeth Moss KanterThe Road Taken: The History and Future of Americas Infrastructure by Henry Petroski Sources President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection, October 1997, pp. B-1 to B-2, PDF at https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL31556.pdf Summary, Critical Infrastructures: What Makes an Infrastructure Critical? Report for Congress, Order Code RL31556, Congressional Research Service (CRS), Updated January 29, 2003, PDF at https://fas.org/irp/crs/RL31556.pdf Infrastructure, Department of Infrastructure and Regional Development, Australian Government, https://infrastructure.gov.au/infrastructure/ [accessed August 23, 2015] Elizabeth Warren: There is nobody in this country who got rich on his own by Lucy Madison, CBS News, September 22, 2011, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/elizabeth-warren-there-is-nobody-in-this-country-who-got-rich-on-his-own/ [accessed March 15, 2017] Highway Trust Fund and Taxes, U.S.Department of Transportation, https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/fastact/factsheets/htffs.cfm [accessed December 25, 2017]   Ascher, Kate. The Works: Anatomy of a City. Paperback, Reprint edition, Penguin Books, November 27, 2007. Hayes, Brian. Infrastructure: The Book of Everything for the Industrial Landscape. Paperback, Reprint edition, W. W. Norton Company, September 17, 2006. Kanter, Rosabeth Moss. Move: How to Rebuild and Reinvent Americas Infrastructure. 1 edition, W. W. Norton Company, May 10, 2016. Petroski, Henry. The Road Taken: The History and Future of Americas Infrastructure. Hardcover, Bloomsbury USA, February 16, 2016.

Elements of Good Feasibility - 998 Words

The Elements of a Good Feasibility Study Tim Bryce | Mar 20, 2008 | Comments (5) Those who do not do their homework do not graduate. - Bryce s Law In its simplest form, a Feasibility Study represents a definition of a problem or opportunity to be studied, an analysis of the current mode of operation, a definition of requirements, an evaluation of alternatives, and an agreed upon course of action. As such, the activities for preparing a Feasibility Study are generic in nature and can be applied to any type of project, be it for systems and software development, making an acquisition, or any other project. There are basically six parts to any effective Feasibility Study: 1. The PROJECT SCOPE which is used to define the†¦show more content†¦After the total cost of the project has been calculated, a cost and evaluation summary is prepared which includes such things as a cost/benefit analysis, return on investment, etc. 6. REVIEW - all of the preceding elements are then assembled into a Feasibility Study and a formal review is conducted with all parties involved. The review serves two purposes: to substantiate the thoroughness and accuracy of the Feasibility Study, and to make a project decision; either approve it, reject it, or ask that it be revised before making a final decision. If approved, it is very important that all parties sign the document which expresses their acceptance and commitment to it; it may be a seemingly small gesture, but signatures carry a lot of weight later on as the project progresses. If the Feasibility Study is rejected, the reasons for its rejection should be explained and attached to the document. CONCLUSION It should be remembered that a Feasibility Study is more of a way of thinking as opposed to a bureaucratic process. For example, what I have just described is essentially the same process we all follow when purchasing an automobile or a home. As the scope of the project grows, it becomes more important to document the Feasibility Study particularly if large amounts of money are involved and/or the criticality of delivery. Not only should the Feasibility Study contain sufficient detail to carry on to the next succeeding phase in theShow MoreRelatedWhat Are Construction Projects?1476 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology of modern buildings construction, uncertainty created by the inevitable time for a construction project life cycle and uniqueness of each project. The development process of a project mainly includes eight stages which are ‘inception’, ‘feasibility’, ‘strategy’, ‘pre-construction’, ‘construction’, ‘testing and commissioning’, ‘completion, handover and operation’ as well as ‘post-completion review and in use’. The very first stage of all is ‘inception’ which may take up to 4 months (NationalRead MoreSap Atlam674 Words   |  3 PagesCompanies. 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A largeRead MoreHealthcare Informatics : The Satellite Clinic989 Words   |  4 PagesEHR systems in a meaningful way is likely to have a net cost over the several years, especially for those who do not yet have robust EHR systems in place and in regular use† (Kudyba S. P. ‘2010’). The same author said: â€Å"By quality we mean the six elements described by the IOM in its ‘Quality Chasm’ report: care that is consistently patient centered, effective, safe, timely, efficient, and equitable.† Essentials of Health Policy and Law The new satellite clinic would accept most insurance plans thatRead MoreGuidelines for Feasibility Report1454 Words   |  6 PagesGuide lines to make Feasibility report Feasibility Study This Feasibility Study Template will help you to conduct feasibility studies in your organization. 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ElectricalRead MoreCritical Thinking : Scrutinizing Your Initial Draft Essay1494 Words   |  6 PagesCritical Thinking: Scrutinizing Your Initial Draft With the knowledge of what is expected, and many of the big questions already answered, your summary business plan is probably well organized. The purpose of a feasibility study is to add more detail to your plan by doing targeted research to think strategically about the estimates, and discoveries you made in your summary business plan. Once you go through the basic method I present here, you can modify it to fit your methodology accordinglyRead MoreIndividual: Service Request Sr-Rm-022, Part 11192 Words   |  5 Pageseven the top investors of the company its self. Anyone interested in the production and the improvement of the new integrated application system. The Project Scope The Project definition is identifying the problem. 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Causal Argument free essay sample

How Social Media Impacts Social Interaction Each day millions of people log on to their phones or computers and communicate with each other through chat rooms and text messages. Social media has gotten rid of the need to communicate by mail, enabling us to interact 24/7 with more people than ever before. This interaction results in more people being involved in an abundant number of relationships through technology. These social networking sites open up numerous connections with other people and information. Unfortunately, social media has negatively affected these interactions, leading to a loss of authentic dialogue, a change in the way people perceive each other, and an increase in cyber bullying. To begin, social media has caused people to engage in face-to-face contact less often and hide their emotions behind their text messages. In the workplace, the use of electronic communication has overtaken face-to-face and voice-to-voice communication by a wide margin. This major shift has been driven by two major forces: the geographic dispersion of business, and the lack of comfort with traditional interpersonal communication among a growing segment of our employee population: Gen Y and Millennials. Studies show that these generations – which will comprise more than 50% of the workforce by 2020 – would prefer to use instant messaging or other social media rather than stop by an office and talk with someone. This new communication preference is one of the â€Å"generational gaps† plaguing organizations as Boomers try to manage to a new set of expectations and norms in their younger employees, and vice versa. With these trends, business managers must consider the impact on business relationships and the ability to collaborate effectively, build trust, and create employee engagement (Tardanico 3). According to Paul Booth, PhD, an assistant professor of media and cinema studies in the College of Communication at DePaul University in Chicago, social media certainly affects how we engage with one another across all venues and ages. He says, â€Å"There has been a shift in the way we communicate; rather than face-to-face interaction, we’re tending to prefer mediated communication.† Paul Booth states that, â€Å"We’d  rather e-mail than meet; we’d rather text than talk on the phone† (Tardanico 3). According to Booth, studies have shown that people actually are becoming more social and more interactive with others, but the style of that communication has changed so that we’re not meeting face-to-face as often as we used to. That said, our interactions on social media tend to be weak ties—that is, we don’t feel as personally connected to the people at the other end of our communication as we do when we’re face-to-face. Booth says, â€Å"So while we’re communicating more, we may not necessarily be building relationships as strongly.† All of this information shows that people do not build very deep relationships with others and interact on a more shallow level. Another concern is that social media has caused technology addiction, when individuals spend more time with their smartphone than interacting with the people around them. Bowman says, â€Å"It may be the parent checking his or her e-mail during a family dinner or the young college student updating Twitter while on a first date.† â€Å"For these people, they likely feel such a strong sense of identity online that they have some difficulty separating their virtual actions from their actual ones.† (Keller 2). These quotes state that people have become so connected with their phones that they lose their own sense of self. These examples show how a part of ourselves lie in our cellphones and social media in defining who we are. We are not only defined by our actions but also what we write and share on social media websites. In addition, social media has changed the way we perceive each other physically and emotionally, whether it be through a profile picture or how we word our messages. Forbes.com gives an accurate description of a simple conversation through text messages and how the conversation was perceived incorrectly. According to Forbes, Sharon Seline exchanged text messages with her daughter who was in college. They ‘chatted’ back and forth, mom asking how things were going and daughter answering with positive statements followed by emoticons showing smiles, b-i-g smiles and hearts. Later that night, her daughter attempted suicide. Afterward, it came to light that she’d been holed up in her dorm room, crying and showing signs of depression — a completely different reality from the one that she conveyed in texts, Facebook posts and tweets. Anyone can hide behind the text, the e-mail, the Facebook post or the tweet, projecting any image they want and creating an illusion of their choosing. Without the ability to  receive nonverbal cues, their audiences are none the wiser. In addition, studies show that only 7% of communication is based on the written word and 93% is based on nonverbal body language (Tardanico 3). With most of our visible communication skills stripped away we are unable to express our selves effectively and cannot perceive emotions of others. In another online article from NPR a Facebook user named Walter Woodman used to pick through his pictures and only showed the ones that made him look good. Woodman also did the same with his interest and personality traits (Yu 1). Social media has caused us to hide behind a computer screen and not show others who we really are. Through texting and Facebook profiles we lose a sense of who we are and give others a false image of ourselves. By providing a wall that kids can hide behind, social media harbors the growth of cyber bullying in children and teens. According to osteopathic.org, in addition to the physical and verbal bullying that may take place at school, cyber-bullying in the form of harassing text messages and derogatory posts on children’s Facebook pages is now commonplace. Even though it may not take place in person, the emotional and psychological effects of cyber-bullying are just as destructive. Since new media and cell phones are harder to track and monitor, parents need to take preventive measures that can help minimize the effects of cyber-bullying on their children. Jennifer N. Caudle, an AOA board-certified family physician at Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine explains, â€Å"Kids that are bullied are likely to experience anxiety, depression, loneliness, unhappiness, and poor sleep.† Making the issue worse is the fact that such negative effects of bullying often go unnoticed, as many victims feel the need to conceal the fact that they are being bullied because they are embarrassed or afraid of further bullying. Bowman says, â€Å"For example, cyberbullying has largely the same antecedents and behavioral, emotional, and affective consequences as does [noncyber] bullying.† â€Å"Yet the difference is the ‘more’—that is, social media allows for more contact, more communication, and in a more public manner† (Keller 2). In a bullying event, often the person being bullied can remove himself or herself from the environment, at least temporarily. â€Å"If we consider that bullying’s effects on an individual can build over time, then there is a real concern that increasing contact between bullies and their targets in persistent and digital interactions might exacerbate the problem.† (Keller 2). More often  than not victims respond passively to bullying and tend to act anxious and appear less confident. They may become quieter in class and, as a result, the bullying can become a hindrance on their academic success and personal well-being. However, social media sites improve socialization and communication between teens and adults in a variety of ways. Social media sites allow Social media sites allow teens to accomplish online many of the tasks that are important to them offline such as staying connected with friends and family, making new friends, sharing pictures, and exchanging ideas. Social media participation also can offer adolescents deeper benefits that extend into their view of self, community, and the world. This includes opportunities for community engagement through raising money for charity and volunteering for local events, including political and philanthropic events. Individual and collective creativity can be enhanced through development and sharing of artistic and musical endeavors. Teens’ ideas can grow from the creation of blogs, podcasts, videos, and gaming sites. Social media sites also allow for the expansion of ones online connections through shared interests to include others from more diverse backgrounds (such communication is an important step for all adolescents and affords the opportunity for respect, tolerance, and increased discourse about personal and global issues). Lastly social media sites foster the growth of ones individual identity and unique social skills by allowing them share what music and movies they enjoy (Clarke-Pearson 1). These facts show that social media creates a safe haven and important place for people to develop their own personalities and ideas. Even though these facts exist, my argument is still valid because of the fact that social media sites foster cyber bullying, loss of authentic dialogue, and alters the way people perceive each other. All of these factors cause social media to do more harm than good in that peoples self esteems can be lowered and that our basic communication skills are stripped away. Even the way people see each other through social media is misconstrued and gives others a false perception of ourselves. All forms of social media have been revolutionary creations and have given users access to a vast web of connections and new ways to stay in touch. These social media sites have a wide array of negative consequences as well as good ones including limiting our face-to-face contact. Without the widespread use of these chat rooms and instant messages we could gain  much mo re social interaction needed in today’s society.

Violence Does Not Solve Anything free essay sample

Argumentative Martin Luther King had a ginormous impact on a huge amount of people in the past, present and it is safe to say, the future. The way he spoke, grabbed the attention and addressed his audience was powerful in many different aspects. He earned the respect of many individuals who listened to him. In the document Non-Violence and Racial Justice, Martin Luther King addresses justice, oppression, respect and non-violence resistance. Martin Luther King was a peaceful man and never the less, tried to influence, impact and persuade others to be peaceful as well. Throughout his document, he utilized different techniques to grab the reader’s attention and hold onto to them until he had portrayed the information he had wanted. By the end of this document, the reader should have at least gained knowledge, understanding and insight about non-violence resistance. It is said†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Violence doesn’t solve anything. † Martin Luther King was illustrating that violence will not accomplish anything. We will write a custom essay sample on Violence Does Not Solve Anything or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In this document, Martin Luther King is unraveling slavery, oppression and justice. He uses a phenomenal metaphor by saying this about slaves, â€Å"He was considered a thing to be used, not a person to be respected. He was merely a depersonalized cog in a vast plantation machine. †(King 1) Martin Luther King clarifies that the Negros were brought to America by force to be slaves and were property just like anything else that is bought and sold. The Negros were not viewed as a human and was not given any rights until â€Å"1896 through the Plessey v. Ferguson decision, a new kind of slavery came into being. In this Decision the Supreme Court of the nation established to doctrine of â€Å"separate but equal. † (King 2) It was soon discovered that yes, they were separate, but they were not equal and injustice was still in place. Violence does not solve anything and Martin Luther King goes on to explain the benefits of non-violence resistance. Soon, the Negro Americans were required to travel and in doing so â€Å"his economic life began gradually to ri se, his crippling illiteracy gradually to decline. A myriad of factors came together to cause the Negro to take a new look at himself. †(King 3) They were now determined to fight back and break free from the grips of oppression and segregation once in for all. They would have justice, and no one was going to stand in their way. There were two ways to execute injustice, violently or the alternative to violence, non-violent resistance. Martin Luther King was a peaceful man. He promoted peace throughout everybody and he used choice of words, speeches and various documents to promote peace throughout this country. He said in this document, â€Å"Violence solves no social problem: it merely creates new and more complicated ones. †(King 4) Violence doesn’t solve anything. Non-violence resistance did, and the five reasons why it worked are explained. Non-violence resistance was passive aggressive or non-aggressive all together. Instead of being physically aggressive, non-violence resistance was physiological, all in the brain, eluding the other party to believe they were incorrect, wrong or misinformed. This approach also didn’t intend to knock the other individual down to their knees. It is about friendship, understanding and hopefully being able to shake hands in the end. â€Å"The aftermath of non-violence is the creation of the beloved community, while the aftermath of violence is tragic bitterness. (King 5) Another reason according to Martin Luther King was because this method attacks evil, instead of the human being that is being controlled by it. The last two reasons why this approach was successful were because of love and faith. King uses a metaphor which is as follows to explain hate and love, â€Å"Along the way of life, someone must have sense enough and morality enough to cut off the chains of hate. †( King 7) Obviously, there is no such thing has a chain of hate, but a metaphor is two things that are compared to make a vivid picture in the readers imagination. Finally, the last method is faith. Faith is needed to believe that God is truthful and will ensure that justice is achieved. Violence doesn’t solve anything. In this document, Martin Luther King is trying to persuade others to be peaceful and take this document to heart and really let this information soak into their mind and memory. His objective was to make people think and imagine the lives of these people who were oppressed, ridiculed and treated with out justice. Non-violence resistance was a very passive aggressive or non-aggressive approach all around. Martin Luther King was an amazing speaker and writer. He persuaded people across the nation with his rhetorical techniques, which made his speeches and documents stronger and more creditable. Throughout this document, his choice of words was captivating and drew the reader into the text. He used every method he could to persuade his reader, support his reasoning and create thought. At the end of this text, the reader should have obtained a better understanding of violence and non violence. Remember†¦violence doesn’t solve anything.

Resume Tips Part 3 Words and Phrases to Delete from Your Resume

Resume Tips Part 3 Words and Phrases to Delete from Your Resume Choosing the right wording on your resume is very important. Some words pack a punch, and some leave the reader wanting more information. For the final segment in my resume tips series, well focus on two verbs that dont have much power: â€Å"Assisted† and â€Å"Helped.† On one list of recommended resume verbs, Power Verbs for Your Resume from The University of Iowas Pomerantz Career Center, the verbs assisted and helped are listed under a very specific category: Helping. That is the only place where these verbs belong! You should delete these words from your resume and use more powerful verbs. Take a look at some examples below. Telling us on your resume that you assisted somebody with something is only as informative as you make it. Honestly, I do not care that you assisted on a film shoot. I want to know that you held a camera or a boom; that you ordered pizza (or handled catering orders); or that you troubleshot in emergency situations. It is essential that you don’t get fooled into thinking that Assisted and Helped are always power verbs. They often just lead to vague and uninteresting bullets. Instead of Helped Example #1 Compare: a. Helped artists and network personnel. b. Accompanied artists to television appearances and mediated between the artists and network personnel. Instead of Assisted Example #2 Compare: a. Assisted with small claims cases. b. Handled all phases of collection and litigation of small claims cases. Attended small claims court; directed court clerk and court commissioner regarding what action to take on firm’s cases. Version b. in both cases is much more interesting and descriptive than version a. When Helped and Assisted are Appropriate There are limited situations in which it can be appropriate to use the words assisted or helped. For example: a. Helped disabled adults to perform simple job tasks at their job locations. b. Assisted elderly residents with their personal and financial recordkeeping. Note in these last two examples, that although there might be other ways to phrase the bullets, we are not left wondering, â€Å"Well, what did you do exactly to help or assist?† Take a look at your resume. Did you find the words â€Å"Helped† or â€Å"Assisted†? If so, can you be more specific about what you did? Draw us a picture. We want to know. For more resume tips and writing assistance, go to The Essay Experts Resume Writing Services. We can help you choose the right words for a powerful resume that gets results.

The Ancient Egyptian Economy essays

The Ancient Egyptian Economy essays Ancient Egypt had a large range of resources at its disposal varying from food and Cloth to Metals and Gems. A small list of some of Egypts resources are as follows grain, vegetables, fruit, fish, cattle, goats, pigs and fowl were the primary food resources and Flax was also grown to be spun into linen. A large proportion of the grain grown was used for beer production. Natron was also produced for use in embalming but was too expensive for all but a few. The metals of Egypt were quite varied but only a small number were used they included copper, bronze and iron. Gems for the upper classes and the pharaoh and much stone was quarried for the construction of temples and of course the pyramids. The majority of the population more than nine tenths lived on the land in mostly village communities. The land they worked belonged in theory to the gods and in particularly the gods Osiris and Horus and his earthly incarnation or Avatar if you please, the pharaoh. Apart from the tenant peasants a large section of the population worked as farm laborers on the estates of noblemen and of the temples. During the New Kingdom perhaps a third of the land was in the hands of the priesthood with a large number of workers and slaves. Administrators, priests, traders and craftsmen lived mostly in the cities along the Nile, which could be supplied with provisions relatively easily and cheaply by boat. This Pie chart is a rough estimate of the social class of Ancient Egypt and what proportion of the population is in each. Vehicles with spoked wheels came into use during the New Kingdom and served mostly for warfare and sport and horses were introduced soon after but were never a major economic commodity. Poorer people continued to use Stone and wooden tools for most crafts well into the bronze and even Iron Age. The harnessing the Egyptians used on animals were extremely inef ...

Marketing Strategies of Sky Broadcasting PLC Case Study

Marketing Strategies of Sky Broadcasting PLC - Case Study Example Rupert Murdoch was the founder of Sky Television plc. In the beginning the company was four-channel satellite television service. Sky Television merged with collapsed rival British Satellite Broadcasting in 1990 to form British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB) (Wikipedia, 2008) British Sky Broadcasting "Sky" has a customer base of approximately 21 million viewers in 8.1 million households. The company is one of the leading multi-channel television platforms in the UK and Ireland. The broadcasting service provide its subscribers with an array of movies, news, entertainment and sports channels and interactive services on Sky Digital, the UK and Ireland's first and most popular digital television platform. Being a volatile organization, the sky broadcasting earns its 80% income from its digital TV subscribers. Although the organization is the major player of UK media industry but the company strongly adheres with the policy of customer retention which most of organizations don't follow. In order to keep its customer constantly satisfied the organization has a large scale customer call center which not only undertake the marketing activities for the company but also increase the satisfaction level of the old customers by providing them instant information regarding their queries. The company employs approximately 6,000 people in various internal and outsourced customer contact centers, which play a major role in Sky's operations, because the contact center staff has front-line responsibility for maintaining the vital relationship between Sky and its digital TV customer base. Nowadays, marketing communication and advertising is becoming exceedingly important in everyday life. The use of the Internet has augmented the importance of advertising as advertisements about a specific brand or product reach people easier. Moreover, Jones (1995) states that "advertising is capable of a sharp immediate effect on sales" which plays a main role in enhancing the brand name.Furthermore many advertisements have deeper meanings than when seen at first sight especially in magazines where the main goal of the advertisement is to convey a message to the readers through the use of text or symbols. Central to much of modern day advertising in glossy magazines is the use of the metaphor (Proctor et. al, 2005). Metaphors are often used to broaden the way of understanding things. They also lead to a high level of ambiguity in the metaphoric form.Advertisers are finding it more and more difficult to persuade consumers about a specific product. But the Sky broadcasting is dealing with the challenges by undertaking following creative opportunities: 1. With the involvement of superior level of animation, 3D and visual effects the company caters the needs of customers in the field of Branding, Sponsorship, Promotions & Script writing, Directing and Program packaging. 2. On-line: Sky broadcasting deals with all aspects of Interactive & new media advertising & design including web, EPG, interactive

CELL BIOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CELL BIOLOGY - Essay Example In the first set, all hybrids with thiolase residue 100 intact have been imported into the peroxisome, and those lacking residue 100 or more remain in the cytosol. In the second set, all hybrids with residue 125 or greater have been imported into the peroxisome, and those lacking residue 125 or lesser remain in the cytosol. 3. In the absence of hormones, protein B binds to protein A in the cytosol (immediately after translation of protein A in the cytosol). This binding prevents access to the nuclear transport machinery. This can happen in many ways, two of which are described here: protein B may mask the nuclear localisation signal (as in the case of the hsp90 - steroid hormone system), or protein B may anchor protein A in the cytosol. In each case, the binding of the hormone to either protein causes dissociation of the two proteins, and protein A has access to the nuclear transport machinery. Thus, in normal cells, protein B is always found in the cytosolic extract, whereas the presence of hormone causes protein A to be found in the nucleus, rather than the cytosolic extract, where it is seen in the absence of hormone. 4. A. The protein enters the ER and goes through the default pathway (ER->Golgi->Cell Surface). This is because ER import is co-translational, whereas nuclear import is post-translational. Thus, before the nuclear import signal can be recognized, the protein is already within the ER lumen. B. The protein is imported into the mitochondria. This is because the nuclear export signal is different from the nuclear import signal, therefore the protein never enters the nucleus, and the mitchondrial import signal is recognized in the cytosol ii) The chances of fusion are increased, whenever the same protein (either Y or Z) is present on both donor and target membranes. Thus, when none of the two are present on both, the chances of fusion is 50% of the maximal, when either Y or Z is present on both membranes, chances of fusion increases

The rule system Essay Example for Free

The rule system Essay Looking beyond the biological argument the debate carries on through two propositions of how children acquire and produce grammar: single and dual route theory (Mareschall et al. 2006).  Childrens inflectional morphology follows a curved pattern which begins with correct application of outer layers; for example adding ed at the end of a word indicates the past tense. Inflections then become disrupted as grammatical rules are over generalised producing common errors such as goed. With experience children then seem able to apply regular and irregular forms of various tenses with ease. This pattern of development is called the U-shape (Plunkett and Wood, 2006). A conventional account for this process is that infants simply memorise the correct formation and as they discover grammatical rules they over apply them creating mistakes, then as the rules become more robust they eliminate the over-regularisations and adopt the correct format for nouns and verbs (Plunkett and Wood, 2006) The competing theories differ in their account of how the memorisation and inflection process leads to the U-shape pattern of development (Plunkett and Wood, 2006).  Dual route theory has traditionally been associated with nativists such as Pinker (1988). The theory suggests that there is a memory system working in conjunction with a rule system. These two cognitive systems are activated when an individual attempt to inflect a word (Plunkett and Wood, 2006). The memory system, which they suggest keeps a record of all the irregular and most common inflections (Plunkett and Wood, 2006 p.182) is firstly consulted in an attempt to retrieve the appropriate formation. The rule system, which uses common rules of language to add endings to word stems, is simultaneously consulted to retrieve the appropriate ending. Should the memory system be successful in its search the rule system is prevented from proceeding (Plunkett and Wood, 2006). The dual route theory explains the U-shape as a result of the memory system failing to retrieve the correct inflection and thus liberating the rule system producing an over-regularisation. With experience rare inflections are then solidified producing fewer errors. The empiricist version lies with the single route theory which is supported by connectionist models who developed the same U-shape pattern of development and also learned plural inflections before past tense inflections (Plunkett and Wood, 2006, p.184) as infants do.  The theory holds that regular and irregular inflections are produced by a single system that stores all of the inflections in the language (Plunkett and Wood, 2006, p.183). Whilst connectionist networks can only serve as an indication of how credible  a theory is and not how such a process might occur, it is nevertheless a good reinforcement.  Single route theory proposes that the higher the numbers of inflections are stored in the memory the more intense the competition gets for memory space  resulting in what is known as the interference effect. This effect results in words with similar phonological sounds being confused. Another connectionist model produced by Rumelhart and McClelland (1987) lent support to this theory. The first few verbs fed into the network were successfully conjugated but as more were introduced so the competition for network resources intensified and resulted in over-regularisation. Then through further training irregular verbs became engraved and mistakes diminished (Plunkett and Wood, 2006). Other empiricists such as Marchman (1997) have produced evidence that favours single route theory by carrying out research that supports the prediction of which type of errors children are likely to produce. Marchman found that irregular verbs with many enemies were more likely to have {add/ed/} wrongly used as their past tense form than verbs that had few regular verb enemies also irregular verbs that had highly frequent past tense forms were less likely to be given the regular past tense endings than those verbs whose past tense form was rare (Plunkett and Wood, 2006, p.187), this adheres to the single route theory. Further support has been produced by cross-linguistic researches. Dual route theory serves as an efficient means for highly regular languages such as English. However for other languages such as German this is not the case nor is it valid for any language that has multiple ways of forming a tense. Chomskys Universal Grammar theory was challenged by Tomasello (2000) who suggested a distributional explanation for childrens understanding of syntax. His approach places verbs in a prominent position as they place important constraints on utterances (Plunkett and Wood, 2006). Rather than memorising all utterances Tomasello suggests analogy; a partial remembrance of some utterances that are later adapted as prototypes for new utterances (Plunkett and Wood, 2006). Early diary studies support this view. Brain (1963) made observations on his son through this early technique and observed that some words, which he called Pivot words only occurred in one position whilst Open words moved around freely. During the process of learning syntax, pockets of knowledge are formed; these then broaden allowing one another to influence each other creating grammatical regularities. According to the distributional approach the explanation for recovering from over-generalisation is that as the pockets of knowledge become more robust they develop an ability to isolate which in turn reduces errors that may of occurred through either the inappropriate extension of a pocket of grammatical knowledge or an attempt to resolve conflict between pockets of grammatical knowledge (Plunkett and Wood, 2006, p.196). Researchers such as Fodor and Karmiloff-Smith were a good representation of opposing views on brain modules. On balance the empirical evidence supports the epigenetic view of modularisation a process by which genes and the environment work together to create self organisation (Karmiloff-Smith, 1992). Neuroscience further supports a view in between nativists and empiricist, whilst they are able to produce evidence that the brain is capable of supporting language in other areas it is  unmistakable that damage to left hemisphere (the seat of language) can severely effect language development. How children acquire and produce grammar is debated  through single and dual route theory. Empirical evidence has given greater support to the single route theory which does not deny elements of nature but also incorporates  nurture. Connectionist networks are becoming a common method to test theories and have been used to lend support to many language theories such as the distributional approach. Children through out the world inevitably learn their mother tongue whether it be by speech or sign (Karmiloff-Smith, 2002). What is substantive is whether this is due solely to operant conditioning of caregivers or to an innate principle of universal grammar. In view of the evidence presented in this paper it seems implausible that language can develop without the presence of both nature and nurture as Bruner (1983) conveys; we shall make little progress if we adhere either to the impossible account of extreme empiricism or to the miraculous one of pure nativism. (Bruner 1983, P. 10).

Celebrity Puppets Essay -- Personal Narrative

Celebrity Puppets The concept of using sports stars to market non-sport items has soared to new heights. Every corporation in the world is trying to get the edge over their competitors. The classic example is that of the â€Å"Cola Wars.† During the 1980s, Pepsi and Coca Cola began an advertising slugfest, in which Pepsi emerged victorious by using Madonna and Michael Jackson as puppets in their commercials. These two companies, as well as thousands of others, have taken advantage of exposing celebrities in their commercials and advertisements. This is done as a means to persuade the public that these products are worth buying. As the years went by, marketers began to realize that in America, sports imagery constituted the most popular way of communicating to the public. The major sports organizations that corporations use to market their products consist of the National Football League, Major League Baseball, and the National Hockey League, but more groups are beginning to get in on the act. These groups include the NASCAR Winston Cup Series, the Professional Bowlers Association (PBA), as well as many others as a result of their increasing popularity and a younger group of stars. A little over a year ago, San Francisco Forty-Niner star wide receiver Terrell Owens caught a touchdown pass and began a unique celebration. When he reached into his sock and pulled out a Sharpieâ„ ¢ marker and signed the football, giving it to a friend in the stands. His touchdown celebration was covered by many major media sources. As a result Owens was offered a partnership with the marker manufacturer. Sharpieâ„ ¢ agreed to donate five hundred dollars to the Alzheimer’s Association in Northern California/Northern Nevada for every touchdown Owens scor... ...ich the rock band Metallica wrote, entitled â€Å"Master of Puppets.† The lyrics go: Master of Puppets I'm pulling your strings Twisting your mind and smashing your dreams Blinded by me, you can't see a thing Just call my name, `cause I'll hear you scream This reminds me of today’s marketing world because these corporations all over the world are trying to twist our minds and make us believe that their products are superior to those of their competitors. In today’s world it is no longer who makes the better product, but who can present the product in a better fashion. There is no major difference in the quality of sneakers throughout the world. But unless the Nike, Adidas, or Rebok logo is not there, the sneaker is viewed as poor. It just goes to show how a song written in the 1980s can reflect the marketing era of the year 2003.

Is Medical Marijuana a Good Thing?

Is Medical Marijuana a good thing? Medical Cannabis or as most know it, Medical Marijuana, is parts of the herb cannabis used as a doctor- recommended form of medicine. It also refers to synthetic forms of cannabinoids, which are a class of diverse chemical compounds that activate cell membrane receptors, like Tetrehydrocannabinol (THC), which is why it is recommended from doctors as well. THC is the psychoactive drug in Medical Cannabis that works with the central nervous and immune system to help reduce pain seen in different medical issues, like cancer patients or patients with AIDS. Medical Cannabis is illegal in most countries.In the United States, federal law outlaws, all use of herb parts from Cannabis, while some states have approved use of herb parts from Cannabis as medical cannabis in conflict with federal law. The United States Supreme Court ruled that the federal government has a right to regulate and criminalize cannabis, even for medical purposes. A person can therefor e be prosecuted for a cannabis-related crime. Medical Cannabis has been known to be used as a good thing as well, like to alleviate pain. Medical Marijuana is looked at from many perspectives, for example, physicians, medical organizations, and even government officials.They all have different views. Some think it is a good thing and others bad. It is also looked at as health risks and treatment options as well. Some people support medical marijuana because it helps with pain when dealing with certain diseases like HIV/AIDS or cancer. One supporting factor of medical marijuana comes from the, â€Å"Medicinal and Recreational Marijuana Use by Patients Infected with HIV†. There are many types of cannabis but the most commonly used for medicinal purposes are hybrids of Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indicia, which are believed to produce differing therapeutic effects (215-216).Bendayan says, â€Å"Marijuana has been used for its medicinal properties for thousands of years in a wi de variety of condition. Physicians in ancient China used Marijuana to control pain in childbirth, as well as for constipation and appetite stimulation† (222). It has also been used for the treatment of chronic pain, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, mood disorders, and much more. It has been suggested that persons with HIV/AIDS are the largest group of medical marijuana users in both Canada and the United States.A study was done and it showed, as compared with placebo, marijuana and Dronabinol, a pill form of THC, dose increased daily caloric intake and body weight in HIV positive medical marijuana users. It also showed an improved ration of sleep within the patient as well. Another study was shown in the article, â€Å"Is marijuana medicinal? † Donald Abrams pronounces, â€Å"We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled study of cannabis for patients with HIV-related peripheral neuropathy at San Francisco General Hospital because preclinical studies and anecdotal patient reports said it was helpful† (38).After a 2-day run-in period, patients were to smoke cannabis or placebo three times a day for 5 days. Among 50 patients who completed the study, neuropathic pain decreased by about 34% with cannabis versus 17% with placebo. This plainly shows that smoking medical marijuana helps with pain. Another reason some people support medical marijuana is it isn’t a hard drug like most think it is and the Federal Government should not be involved.This Magazine discusses in the article, â€Å"High time a change: legendary pro-pot lawyer Alan Young prepared to fight the feds’ drug laws yet again†, how marijuana is not harmless as the federal government makes it out to be. He thinks that, â€Å"marijuana is relatively harmless compared to the so-called hard drugs, and including tobacco and alcohol† (Consiglio 6). He convinced the courts that prohibiting pot was unconstitutional for patients under medical supervision. Young also b elieves that if the Bill C-15 is passed, which states that if Canadians get caught with more than five marijuana plants then you shall be sentences for six months.Young strongly disagrees and thinks that they are trying to use the law to solve every problem. He makes a plan with three steps included. â€Å"First, he plans to strike down MMAR seed policies preventing patients from purchasing anything other than a single, domestic strain. Then, he'll fight to increase the grower-patient ratio (it's currently one-to-two). Lastly, and for Young most importantly, he plans to create an impediment for raids of authorized grows by requiting an initial Health Canada inspection† (Consiglio 6).He accepts that the bill will be upheld. He wants to help people that actually use marijuana correctly to be able to without the law being in the way. Philippines Daily Inquirer says â€Å"Advocates of medicinal marijuana, however, claim the weed is safer and has fewer side effects than pharmaceu ticals† (â€Å"Drugs Body†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). In Canada, where medicinal marijuana is legal; the herb is reportedly being prescribed for relief of pain or persistent muscle spasms. Marijuana’s highs and lows were both shown on medical marijuana. â€Å"Proponents for legalizing arijuana tout its pain-relieving benefits and use by cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy or radiation treatments; opponents stress that science has yet to prove the drug is safe† (CNN Wire). Six thousand studies have been shown about the cannabis plant, according to NORML, which is an organization that believes marijuana should be legalized. â€Å"Our bodies make natural cannabinoids, or active chemicals that cause drug-like effects through the body, according to the National Cancer Institute. The main psychoactive ingredient in marijuana — delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC — works in the same way as these natural chemicals†.Also another study was done with Type II diabetes; cannabis lowers the risk of having diabetes because of its anti-inflammatory properties. Men’s Health Magazine discusses, â€Å"how the active ingredient in pot may potentially prevent heart attacks. Harvard researchers pumped mice with cholesterol for 11 weeks, and then gave them low doses of THC† (â€Å"Pot Luck† 44). THC reduced inflammation in the rodents' blood vessels. On the other hand, The National Drug Abuse says that marijuana can put users at risk for heart attack or stroke because it increases you heart rate and it contains many carcinogens.Other researchers found that it cause people, especially teens to lose IQ points. â€Å"Adults who had smoked as teens tended to show more pronounced deficits in memory, concentration, and overall brainpower in relation to their peers† (CNN Wire). Mostly, marijuana is smoked for medical purposes or to take away stress. The good thing is, it’s at a low rate for addiction, and no possible ove rdoses have ever been reported. Some people oppose marijuana because they say it increases pain. â€Å"Medical News Today reported on a study that found that active ingredients such as those in marijuana tend to prolong pain.Medical News Today noted that this was surprising since marijuana often said to relieve pain. Researchers said that marijuana many be useful in some situations but conclude that it should be used with great care for pain relief in light of the study† (â€Å"Marijuana Use†). Also an experiment was done with rodents and human, explained in the issue of Science, which propose that these â€Å"endocannabinoids†, which are made in the human body from smoking medical marijuana can actually prolong pain rather than relieve it. Researchers recruited human volunteers to determine whether a compound that blocked endocannabinoid receptors would have an effect on the increased sensitivity to pain (hypergalesia) and tendency for normally non-painful stim uli to induce pain (allodynia) often reported in areas of the body near where acute pain has been inflicted† (â€Å"Marijuana Use†). The volunteers did not show reduction in perceived pain but has less hyperalgesia and allodynia. The results matched up well with the endocannabinoid hypothesis very well.Models showed that cannabinoids over-activating the pain system and it just doesn’t seem like a good idea to further increase this effect. Another reason people oppose medical marijuana is because it is based on science and politics. They also confirm that it has no medical use. â€Å"The FDA’s Opposition to Medical Marijuana Legalization Is Based on Science†, an article that was written about how marijuana has no medical use and it should be outlawed. The Drug-Free Action Alliance states, â€Å"Different organizations argue that marijuana should be evaluated for use in the same scientific manner as any other substance.The viewpoint states that at th e moment evidence indicates that marijuana has no medical use. However, the organizations argue that marijuana should not be legalized through voter or legislative initiative, because such initiatives are not scientific†. A lot of places including the American Medical Association (AMA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and even the American Cancer Society does not support smoked marijuana as medicine. The AMA believes that there should be more research into any therapeutic benefits of cannabinoids-based medicines. Medical organizations believe that safer treatments exist.For example, Marinol, which is taken orally, and it’s a synthetic version of THC. It is also available in all fifty states. â€Å"The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the sole federal agency that approves drug products as safe and effective for intended indications†. â€Å"Marijuana is listed in schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), the most restrictive schedule. The D rug Enforcement Administration (DEA), which administers the CSA, continues to support that placement, and FDA concurred because marijuana met the three criteria for placement in schedule I under 21 U. S. C. 12(b) (1) (e. g. , marijuana has a high potential for abuse, has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States, and has a lack of accepted safety for use under medical supervision)† (â€Å"Drug-Free.. †). There are alternative approved medications for treatment of the purposes of smoked marijuana. In the article, The FDA’s Opposition to Medical Marijuana Legalization Is Based on Politics reports that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a statement declaring that marijuana has no safe medical uses. Sidney Spiesel says â€Å"that this statement is not based on science.The best evidence, Spiesel argues, suggests that marijuana may have medical uses but that further study is needed. Spiesel contends, however, that the governmen t has blocked marijuana research. He concludes that the FDA's statement is based on politics, and he calls into question the objectivity of government science. † In both cases the FDA does not approve medical marijuana; it is clearly blames on both science and politics. My opinion of medical cannabis is I believe that it should be used for medical purposes because I consider that it could possibly alleviate pain.A doctor or provider should keep a check on how much is smoked by the user. They should also have random checks of the patient and how intense their pain is. I believe that your prescription should be taken away if you are caught selling it or abusing the drug. I know that marijuana makes people sleep well and have a hardy appetite and should be given for the right purposes, like anorexia. I think if we got rid of Marijuana, people would be doing harder drugs that could possibly turn into an addiction for them and may cause more deaths from overdose.I feel that there a re more supporting views when it comes to using marijuana medically. In conclusion, medicinal marijuana has many supporting and opposing views. The analysis conclude that medical marijuana can increase or decrease pain or should the federal government and FDA be involved or not. All of the outlooks have many supporting details as well. Medical marijuana is politically, medically, and scientifically viewed and different matters are discussed and laws are being made about this issue. Works Cited Abrams, Donald I. , and Jodie Trafton. â€Å"Is marijuana medicinal? † Internal Medicine News 15Apr. 2012: 38. Academic OneFile. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. Consiglio, Alex. â€Å"High time a change: legendary pro-pot lawyer Alan Young prepares to fight the feds' drug laws yet again. † This Magazine May-June 2010: 6. Academic OneFile. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. Drug-Free Action Alliance and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Prevention Association of Ohio. â€Å"The FDA's Opposition to Medical Marijuana Leg alization Is Based on Science. † Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"Marijuana as Medicine. † 2011. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. Drugs body says no to legalizing marijuana. † Philippines Daily Inquirer [Makati City, Philippines] 14 Nov. 2012. Health Reference Center Academic. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Highs and lows of using marijuana. † CNN Wire 7 Nov. 2012. Academic OneFile. Web. 26 Nov. 2012. â€Å"Marijuana Use Can Increase Pain. † Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"Discovery That Active Ingredient in Marijuana Spread and Prolong Pain Has Implications for Medical Use of Drug and Concepts of Chronic Pain. † Medical News Today. 2009. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 26 Nov. 012. â€Å"Pot luck. † Men's Health July-Aug. 2005: 44. Academic OneFile. Web. 28 Nov. 2012. R Benda yan, et al. â€Å"Medicinal And Recreational Marijuana Use By Patients Infected With HIV. † AIDS Patient Care ; Stds 18. 4 (2004): 215-228. CINAHL with Full Text. Web. 26 Nov. 2012 Spiesel, Sydney. â€Å"The FDA's Opposition to Medical Marijuana Legalization Is Based on Politics. † Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from â€Å"All Smoke: The FDA's Statement on Medical Marijuana Isn't About Science. † Slate. 2006. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 28 Nov. 2012.

History and Influences of Mexican Americans and the United States Essay

Looking around the United States. it is non difficult to see the influence that Spanish-speaking states. viz. Mexico. hold had on us. Every twenty-four hours we see marks in Spanish. We hear it as we walk through the streets of Madison and Milwaukee. We feel the impact it has on us in our public school system. We besides see the contention it causes on the intelligence. What I will be trying to research in this paper is the beginnings of Mexican Americans and their continuing influence on the United States. I believe it is of import to first understand the history of the relationship between Americans and Mexicans to understand the preconceived impressions many Americans have towards Mexico. Although both states are technically â€Å"Americas† . for the continuance of the paper I will mention to the United States as America. After winning its independency from Spain. Mexico foremost had large-scale contact with Americans during the early 1800s when Americans were migrating further west to what is present twenty-four hours Texas. Mexico allowed these citizens to shack despite the tenseness and clash that was constructing between Whites. Indians and Mexicans in these districts. Texas citizens declared themselves an independent state. and due to the United States acknowledgment of such. a war was prompted between the United States and Mexico. Mexico lost the war every bit good as its districts in North America. Mexican citizens who stayed behind in the lost districts became American citizens ( Marger. 2012 ) . One of the things that ever confounded me about racism in the South. and provinces like Arizona. is the complete indifference or ignorance of this fact. I have ever wondered how the White Supremacist mentality plants when Mexican Americans have a natural lineage in these provinces and were the first citizens of these provinces. How can we still see bumper spines that say â€Å"Learn English or Travel Home† . or â€Å"Go back to your ain country† when the first citizens of these provinces were Mexicans? I believe that a cause for this is the deficiency of accent of early Mexican American history taught in schools. I I believe that if this were emphasized. these specific ethnocentric statements would be dispelled earlier. Immigration of Mexicans and other Hispanics to America is non traveling to halt. so to disregard their political influence would be foolish. Demographics are demoing that the Hispanic population is on the rise. There are an estimated 6. 6 million illegal immigrants from Mexico entirely shacking in the United States ( Marger. 2012 ) . The European American population. although still the largest in size. worsening. ( Marger. 2012 ) . Since there are an increasing sum of people in the United States who are a assorted race. such as myself who is portion Mexican American. true Numberss of those who identify as portion Hispanic are non yet known. ( Marger. 2012 ) . I believe that due to this. it is more important than of all time to understand what sort of influence Mexican Americans will hold on the socioeconomic and political construction of the hereafter America. Equally much as certain groups of people would desire to deny the influence of Mexican civilization. every bit good as that of other Spanish-speaking ethnicities on the United States. the population statistics. ( every bit good as the 2012 Election consequences. in my sentiment ) prove otherwise. Spanish americans are the largest minority group ( Naumann. Benet-Martinez. Espinoza 2013 ) . and it is estimated that by 2050. 46 % of the United States population will be Latino. ( Marger. 2012 ) . Insofar as political influence is concerned. 2008 held 19. 5 million registered Hispanic electors. and it is estimated that 23. 7 million registered electors were Latino in the 2012 election. To more specifically mention the influence of Mexican Americans in today’s vote universe. there are 33 million Mexican Americans in the United States and 73 % of them were born in America ( Naumann. et al 2013 ) . Despite efforts of the Republican Party to capture the ballot of Latino Americans. 70 % of them are still voting Democratic. ( Naumann. et al 2013 ) . Although Cubans tend to vote chiefly more for Republicans. the larger population of Mexican Americans is still voting for Democrats. ( Naumann. et al 2013 ) . By analysing these informations. I can merely reason that the desperate demand for the Latino ballot from the GOP is the exclusive intent of the being of Marco Rubio in modern political relations. A inquiry arises. every bit much as Mexican Americans influence us. how much do we act upon them? The reply would hold to depend on how in favour they are of assimilation. Surveies have shown that most Mexican American young person would prefer a â€Å"biculturism† signifier of socialization. preferring to keep on to their cultural imposts but besides to encompass new American 1s ( Naumann. et al 2013 ) . It was besides shown in these surveies that the more deep-routed Mexican Americans tend to be in their ethnicity. that the likelier they are to vote liberally ( Naumann. et al 2013 ) . Understanding Mexican Americans function in the workplace presently will besides assist explicate motives as to how they vote and continue to act upon the remainder of America. A survey published in 2005 showed that Mexicans. while populating in Mexico. have fewer outlooks for promotion in the workplace. including to upper-management places. This leads them to believe there are less signifiers of favoritism based on age. sex and ethnicity ( Bennington. Wagman. Stallone. 2005 ) . Although these surveies were done for Mexicans. non Mexican Americans. I believe that during the newest moving ridge of in-migration this attitude could transport over. which could explicate at least one ground that despite the big population. there are non heaping sums of Mexican Americans in high-level places. For work life itself. harmonizing to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Mexican Americans have at big suffered the same impact of the recession other ethnicities have suffered. holding Unemployment top outing strongly in the 2009-2011 old ages and merely now in 2013 get downing to do a recovery ( Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2013 ) . I believe this relates to the influence Mexican Americans have on us because since newer immigrants do non seek power every bit rapidly as other cultural groups. it can take to certain biass of them being unmotivated. which in bend would act upon behaviour of White Americans to handle them as subsidiaries. In summing up. I believe that educating the true history of Mexican Americans ( such as their beginning as fall ining the US as citizens after the Mexican War ) . can assist halt certain signifiers of bias. every bit good as assisting Americans to recognize that they are an ever-increasing demographic that is non traveling off anytime shortly. Their influence is turning in US Politics. and this will hold to be recognized if certain political groups wish to last in the new century. I believe that if there is more respect given to them while they are a minority group. the more regard they will give to White America one time Whites lose their position as the dominant cultural group.

Free Essays on A & P

Sometimes reality can be distorted by an intrapersonal conflict Sometimes reality can be distorted by an intrapersonal conflict. The story â€Å"A&P† written by John Updike, illustrates how our perspective of a situation can be rearranged and become the opposite reality of what was originally perceived. â€Å"A&P† tells the story of a boy who works at a grocery store. One day some girls come in wearing only bikinis, he becomes very interested in everything these girls do. The people at the store are giving these girls dirty looks while the grocery boy is thinking in his mind that these are the sweetest girls he has ever seen. His manager comes out to tell the girls that they are doing something wrong and that he would like them to leave. As the girls are leaving the boy tells his manager that he quits, in hopes that the girls would see him quitting and he would become there hero. When the boy finally reaches the parking lot to see the girls he saved they were gone. He then realizes that when he did what he did he was not thi nking with his full capabilities. If the boy had not been so wrapped up in these half naked women he would have been able to handle the situation in a more professional manner. The problem starts at the very beginning of the story. â€Å"In walks these three girls in nothing but bathing suits.† So first of he notices they were people of the opposite sex and secondly he notices they were only wearing bathing suits. â€Å"The one that caught my eye first was the one in the plaid green two-piece.† A two piece bathing suit reveals more skin then most one piece bathing suit. While he is watching the girls he was also trying to ring up an old lady. â€Å"She’s one of those cash-register-watchers, a witch about fifty with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows, and I know it made here day to trip me up.† Ok so this guy is checking out some girls and rings something up twice and he gets mad at the lady be... Free Essays on A & P Free Essays on A & P â€Å"A & P† Life’s hardest lessons are sometimes learned too little, too late. In the short story â€Å"A & P†, by John Updike, the main character, Sammy, is a nineteen year-old checker at a local grocery store in a small town just north of Boston. In a matter of a day, he goes from an immature boy with unrealistic ideas and fantasies, to a man who is about to realize how life altering the choices he makes can be. Updike does an excellent job in the portrayal of his main character, Sammy, as a typical teen-age boy working to help out his family. He leads his readers to believe that the only people who enter the store are old women or women with six children. Sammy refers to these women as sheep. His disdain comes through when the three young females, clad only in bathing suits, come into the store, throwing his attention off, while he is cashing out a woman of about fifty. His thoughts about the woman being burned in Salem, had she been born in an earlier time, reveals the resentment he feels towards his job. Sammy names the object of his adoration, Queenie, since he has determined that she is the leader of the three. He is captivated by Queenie from her oaky hair and prim face down to her feet paddling along naked. She has unknowingly put Sammy into a hypnotic state. Updike gives his readers the impression that Sammy has lived in isolation up until this one Thursday afternoon. The story takes a dramatic turn when Queenie and her followers come to Sammy’s checkout counter with a jar of Kingfish Fancy Herring Snacks. Lengel, manager of the A & P, notices the scantily clad females and says, â€Å"Girls, this isn’t the beach.† He may be a dreary man but, he is all about policy. As Queenie responds with, â€Å"My mother asked me to pick up a jar of herring snacks†, the sound of her voice causes Sammy to picture a fanciful life quite different from his own. He feels that she is above him and that she sho... Free Essays on A & P In Updike’s â€Å"A&P† he talks about Sammy, a teenager who quits his job because he felt bad about his manager embarrassing some girls. Well that is what I have understood when I read the story several times and that’s the impression that I have got after reading the story. When I read the story I thought that Sammy reacted the way he did to impress the girls and there are a lot of hints which made me think that way. Updike leaves Sammy’s motives open to interpretation, however the story makes more sense when one takes Sammy’s motives to be noble instead of superficial. Updike wanted his hero to be a hero not someone who wanted to be a hero to get some girls’ attention. Sammy watched the girls when they came in the store. He looked at them as guy in his age will. Sammy stared at them and was somehow attracted to them because of the way they dressed. In the moment when the manager started arguing with the girls about the way they dress, Sammy’s look to these girls changed. So, Updike tells us on the story how his hero described the girls and the way he looked and thought of them. He looked at these girls like innocents who had been treated bad my his boss. He thought about it for a while and figured out that they did not do anything to deserve such a treatment. His fast reaction which was a result of the frustration that the situation caused him was quitting his job. He decided to stand by the girls side and fight for their rights. The girls were in a hurry so he decided to tell his manager that he quits in front of them, which is a natural thing if we looked at it in another way. â€Å" so I say â€Å"I quit† to lengal quick enou gh for them to hear, hoping they’ll stop and watch me, their unsuspected hero.† (117) When someone helps another people he will like these people to know that he had helped them somehow. So, Sammy reacted fast to let them know that they were not wrong and that his manager was wrong, so he said ... Free Essays on A & P Sometimes reality can be distorted by an intrapersonal conflict Sometimes reality can be distorted by an intrapersonal conflict. The story â€Å"A&P† written by John Updike, illustrates how our perspective of a situation can be rearranged and become the opposite reality of what was originally perceived. â€Å"A&P† tells the story of a boy who works at a grocery store. One day some girls come in wearing only bikinis, he becomes very interested in everything these girls do. The people at the store are giving these girls dirty looks while the grocery boy is thinking in his mind that these are the sweetest girls he has ever seen. His manager comes out to tell the girls that they are doing something wrong and that he would like them to leave. As the girls are leaving the boy tells his manager that he quits, in hopes that the girls would see him quitting and he would become there hero. When the boy finally reaches the parking lot to see the girls he saved they were gone. He then realizes that when he did what he did he was not th inking with his full capabilities. If the boy had not been so wrapped up in these half naked women he would have been able to handle the situation in a more professional manner. The problem starts at the very beginning of the story. â€Å"In walks these three girls in nothing but bathing suits.† So first of he notices they were people of the opposite sex and secondly he notices they were only wearing bathing suits. â€Å"The one that caught my eye first was the one in the plaid green two-piece.† A two piece bathing suit reveals more skin then most one piece bathing suit. While he is watching the girls he was also trying to ring up an old lady. â€Å"She’s one of those cash-register-watchers, a witch about fifty with rouge on her cheekbones and no eyebrows, and I know it made here day to trip me up.† Ok so this guy is checking out some girls and rings something up twice and he gets mad at the lady be... Free Essays on A & P Setting In A & P â€Å"A & P† by John Updike, is the story of a miserably employed young man. Using the first person point of view, Updike’s central character, Sammy, develops the setting to tell the story of how a discontented young grocer named Sammy, is thrust into the harsh realities of the adult world after making a relatively childish decision. The story is set in a conservative New England town before the sexual revolution and pre-hippies 1960s. Life tends to be stable, predictable and consistent. Sammy has recently turned nineteen years old; an age at which the stone that things were once written in, begins to erode. The late teen years tend to be the age when most people begin to have a greater sense of who they truly are. As a result, they will tend to challenge authority as well as the values and social mores that they have been told all their lives are â€Å"right†. However, this age also marks the period in life where the line between childish rebellion and asserting oneself as a responsible adult becomes blurry. The town that â€Å"A&P† is set in seems to be anything but accommodating to this period in life. The area is reminiscent of those towns such as Oxford and my hometown, Vicksburg, which have officially been declared â€Å"retirement towns†. These places offer very little in the way of careers for those who are not already â€Å"established† or even socially for those under the age of sixty. A young man in his late teens can begin to feel very out of place in an area such this. Sammy apparently does and his resentment towards this fact is evidenced in his attitudes towards his customers and his employer, Lengel. He refers to a customer who corrects him when he charges her twice for a box of crackers as a â€Å"witch†(1) who â€Å"if she’d been born at the right time they would have burned her over in Salem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (2) He considers the customers to be â€Å"sheep†(5) and his boss a gray old man. The audie...

Brady Act Background Checks, History, and Application

Brady Act Background Checks, History, and Application The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act is perhaps the most controversial federal gun control law enacted since the Gun Control Act of 1968, and several events in the U.S. led to its creation and enactment. In an effort to deny guns to those who would misuse them, it requires firearms dealers to perform an automated background check on prospective buyers of all rifles, shotguns or handguns. Brady Bill History On March 30, 1981, 25-year old John W. Hinckley, Jr. tried to impress actress Jodi Foster by assassinating President Ronald Reagan with a .22 caliber pistol. While he accomplished neither, Hinckley did manage to wound President Reagan, a District of Columbia police officer, a Secret Service agent, and White House Press Secretary James S. Brady. While he survived the attack, Brady remains partially disabled. Driven largely by the reaction to the assassination attempt and Mr. Bradys injuries, the Brady Act was passed, requiring background checks on all persons attempting to purchase a firearm. These background checks must be performed or applied by federally licensed firearms dealers (FFLs). NICS: Automating the Background Checks Part of the Brady Act required the Department of Justice to establish the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) which can be accessed by any licensed firearms dealer by telephone or any other electronic means for immediate access to any criminal information on prospective gun purchasers. Data is fed into the NICS by the FBI, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, and state, local, and other federal law enforcement agencies. Who Cannot Buy a Gun? Between 2001 and 2011, the FBI reports that over 100 million Brady Act background checks were performed, resulting in more than 700,000 gun purchases being denied. People who may be prohibited from purchasing a firearm as a result of data obtained from the NICS background check include: Convicted felons and people under indictment for a felonyFugitives from justiceUnlawful drug users or drug addictsIndividuals who have been determined to be mentally incompetentIllegal aliens and legal aliens admitted under a non-immigrant visaIndividuals who have been dishonorably discharged from the militaryPeople who have renounced their American citizenshipPeople under domestic violence restraining ordersPeople convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence crimes Note: Under current federal law, being listed on the FBI Terrorist Watchlist as a suspected or confirmed terrorist is not grounds for denial of a firearm purchase. Possible Outcomes of a Brady Act Background Check A Brady Act gun buyer background check can have five possible outcomes. Immediate Proceed: The check found no disqualifying information in the NICS and the sale or transfer can proceed subject to state-imposed waiting periods or other laws. Of the 2,295,013 NICS checks done during the first seven months the Brady Act was enforced, 73% resulted in an Immediate Proceed. The average processing time was 30 seconds.Delay: The FBI determined that data not immediately available in the NICS needs to be found. Delayed background checks are typically completed in about two hours.Default Proceed: When a National Instant Criminal Background Check System check cannot be completed electronically (5% of all checks), the FBI must identify and contact state and local law enforcement officials. The Brady act allows the FBI three business days to complete a background check. If the check cannot be completed within three business days, the sale or transfer may be completed although potentially disqualifying information might exist in the NICS. The dealer is not required to complete the sale and the FBI will continue to review the case for two more weeks. If the FBI discovers disqualifying information after three business days, they will contact the dealer to determine whether or not the gun was transferred under the default proceed rule. Firearm Retrieval: When the FBI finds that a dealer has transferred a gun to a prohibited person due to a default proceed situation, local law enforcement agencies, and ATF are notified and an attempt is made to retrieve the gun and take appropriate action, if any, against the buyer. During the first seven months, the NICS was in operation, 1,786 such firearms retrievals were initiated.Denial of Purchase: When the NICS check returns disqualifying information on the buyer, the gun sale is denied. During the first seven months of NICS operation, the FBI blocked 49,160 gun sales to disqualified people, a denial rate of 2.13 percent. The FBI estimates that a comparable number of sales were blocked by participating state and local law enforcement agencies. Typical Reasons for Denial of Gun Purchases During the first seven months in which Brady Act gun buyer background checks were performed, the reasons for denial of gun purchases broke down as follows: 76 percent - Criminal history of a felony8 percent - Criminal history of domestic violence6 percent - Criminal history of other offenses (multiple DUIs, non-NCIC warrants, etc.)3 percent - Criminal history of drug abuse3 percent - Domestic violence restraining orders What About the Gun Show Loophole? While the Brady Act has blocked more than three million gun sales to prohibited purchasers since taking effect in 1994, gun control advocates contend that up to 40 percent of gun sales occur in â€Å"no questions asked† transactions that often take place over the Internet or at gun shows where, in most states, background checks are not required. As a result of this so-called â€Å"gun show loophole,† the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence estimates that about 22% of all gun sales nationwide are not subjected to Brady background checks. In an effort to close the loophole, the Fix Gun Checks Act of 2015 (H.R. 3411) was introduced in the House of Representatives on July 29, 2015. The bill, sponsored by Rep. Jackie Speier (D-Calif.), would require Brady Act background checks for all gun sales including sales made over the Internet and at gun shows. Since 2013, six states have enacted similar laws.

Nursing Leadership Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nursing Leadership Paper - Essay Example Nurses have always been ill prepared to take over the new role of managing or taking the leadership role to manage a large group of people (Foster, 2000). They often are contented of being a role model to others rather than taking a leadership role that will give them more powers to set policies in their department and carry out this roles well. A critical assessment of the issue of management in nursing is important since many nurses who accept to take this role are not adequately prepared to do it and many take up this work without clear planning or proper preparation. Early experiences and training in the leadership program will go a long way in ensuring that the nurses are vibrant in taking these roles without fear and can perform better than they are thought to (Shirey, 2007). The rationale for focusing in this issue is because leadership in nursing goes a long way to improve the services the nurses render to their patients. Good leadership will also give encouragement to the nurses and create a favorable environment for them to work under. Researchers have revealed that engaging nurses in leadership increases their job satisfaction and commitment, and motivates them to work better and harder (Alimo, 2007). The importance of leadership to the nursing profession and the vision of the profession are to ensure that the nu rses are lead to a specific goal and are motivated in their work so that the expected goals and performance are met. In Sullivan’s book, he explains why nurses need to be change agents. Using theories of management, the author explains the need for management change in the nursing fraternity. The book explains the relationship between the change process and nursing practice. He explains the change strategies that have taken root in the nursing field and the need for corresponding change of attitude in leadership and attitude. Sullivan’s publication describes the role of a manager in change as he dissects the need for

Social Media Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Social Media Plan - Essay Example This essay stresses that various market factors have shaped the summer occupancy numbers. Initially, what drove the summer business was the international bus tours, this formed bout 62 percent of the summer offseason business. The increasing value of the Canadian dollar, forest fires in 2003, global recession and changes in the bus tour operator policy of 2007, seriously eroded the international market of the resort. Since the summer of 2008, the tour bus business dropped sharply. Consequently, the summer room rates shot down to the same levels as they were in the 1990’s.  This paper discusses that as much as it is not necessary to compare Sun Peaks to other mountain resorts since their economies are more diverse, it is worth noting that Sun Peaks are competing for the same regional consumer market. With such competition, new efficient ways have to be designed to come up with a marketing strategy that will deliver, and, for this reason, the social media offers that platform. Sun Peaks faces stiff competition from other regional resort municipalities such as Whistler not only for the regional consumer market but also for the international consumer market.  The target market is both regional and international in nature, thus when it comes to the consideration of demographics, and then it is the entire world that is considered especially those who fancy Canada as tourist destination resort.

Argument research task Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Argument research task - Essay Example The writers tries to give reasons how racism have a negative effect to a society and an individual who is discriminated based on racism. The first premise can be supported by the fact that the jobless rate among the whites is 6.6% while that of blacks is 12.6%, according to a study conducted by Pew Research centre. The same research supports the second premise as it indicates that black people are denied basic right such as quality education, decent housing and police brutality. The fact that the writer wrote the article based on reason that racism is still a menace in this modern society, makes the reason valid and good. The first premise is aimed to portray how blacks suffers racism while the second premise can be supported by the reason that blacks are denied basic rights like right to access public transport. The article can be said to be a sound argument because the conclusion absolutely follows from true premises presented in the article; the premises state that racism is likely to be subjected to black people. The conclusion should be accepted because racism has a negative impact to the society. The write has also used hyperbole to show how racism is despicable such as â€Å"face of Europe’s horror at shameless racism.† Generally, the article can be said to be in the form of deductive argument since the conclusion follows from the premises. From the two premises there is one logical conclusion, which indicated that blacks are still prone to racism in this modern world. The modern world is characterized aspects such advance technology like trains and sporting activities like football which is supposed to unite people regardless of race. The writer’s point of view is that racism is reality in this modern world and should be stopped. Negative effects of racism are severe to a society, and to an individual, which can be illustrated by the manner in which the man was instilled fear. Logically, racism should

High school Essay Example for Free

High school Essay Many people would like to become a cheerleader, however, they are afraid of being stereotyped, and in turn, these stereotypes may affect ones chances of successfully becoming a cheerleader. â€Å"Stereotyping is so common in our society that when you meet someone for the first time you are often stereotyped before you even reach, ‘hello. ’ The way people perceive us can have a profound effect on how we see ourselves† (Mega Essays, 2008). Cheerleading has three common stereotypes as this sport gains in popularity. The first stereotype of cheerleading is a controversy that rages on about whether or not it is a sport. Next, cheerleaders are often times compared to people with unflattering and unintelligent personalities. Finally, there have also been questions about the inclusion of males upon cheerleading teams. Though many examples exist, the three examples listed above seem to be the most challenging stereotypes which keep many afraid of joining the sport of cheerleading. Cheerleading is very popular in middle schools all the way up to the university education level, but unfortunately, several observers often question a cheerleader’s athletic ability. Cheerleaders put in hard work by lifting weights, working up a sweat, and even facing possible injury. These athletes have a strong drive for determination and dedication by practicing at all hours of the day both with their team, and also individually. Some cheerleaders may often say they practice more than the teams they cheer for. So the question arises, why not give them the title and respect they strongly deserve? Independent cheerleaders also compete nationally in addition to high school and college cheer teams; however, many cheerleaders are left pondering whether or not they can gain the attention and recognition they need to officially declare cheerleading as a sport (Ninemire, 2008). Besides the questions of cheerleading as a sport, cheerleaders are often stereotyped from the moment they are met and identified as uneducated ditzy blondes. â€Å"She’s dumb,† â€Å"She’s ditzy,† â€Å"He’s feminine,† and â€Å"They’re snobs† are just some of the stereotypes that are often used. Many people who have been a cheerleader, met one, or have even watched a cheerleading team, have experienced these stereotypes. As stated by Mega Essays, (2008) â€Å"Stereotyping is most often someone’s perception of an individual or a group based on social status, education level, race or even looks. Therefore, why do they constantly defend their sport and themselves? † One of the stronger stereotypes within the cheerleading world is the placement of men on the cheer team. As males enter the world of cheerleading they are immediately labeled as being effeminate. They are faced with society’s overcoming stereotype of a male Barbie figure (Bluestein, 1994). Unfortunately, these qualities often lead to males defending their sexuality. â€Å"Against popular belief, females where [sic] not the founders behind the sport of cheerleading; instead males who were so eager to cheer while watching sporting events created this sport. In the 1890’s the first pep club was organized at Princeton University and it was there where the first organized yell was recorded† (Bluestein, 1994). In many high schools around the world, due to the stereotypes, very few males participate on a cheer squad. â€Å"There are more then [sic] 3,000 high school and college cheerleaders in the United States. 97% of all cheerleaders are female; however, approximately 50% of collegiate cheerleaders are male† (Bluestein, 1994). Over the years, there have been many stereotypes which have agonized and affected the cheerleading world. Some stereotypes of cheerleaders include the comparison of cheerleaders with uneducated ditzy blondes, the assumption that cheerleading is not an actual sport, and should males cheer on a team. Furthermore, one should be cautious when joining this sport because of the amount of rumors, whether true or not. According to About. com (2008), â€Å"Cheerleading has expanded from pom-poms and pep rallies into big business an estimated half-billion dollar industry. In addition to college cheerleaders who joke that they practice more than their football teams, there are also independent cheerleading groups not affiliated with schools, which compete nationally. † Cheerleading has been around since the first pep club in the1890’s and continues to grow and evolve each day. References About. com (2008). Cheerleading: controversy and competition. Retrieved August 22, 2008, from http://cheerleading. about. com/od/cheerinjuries/l/aa103102a. htm Bluestein S, (1994). Male Cheerleading is a sport Serendip. Retrieved August 22, 2008, from http://serendip. brynmawr. edu/exchange/node/1685 Mega Essays. (2008) Cheerleading stereotypes. Retrieved August 22, 2008, from http://www. megaessays. com/viewpaper/78441. html Ninemire V, (2008). Stop the stereotyping of cheerleaders. About. com. Retrieved August 22, 2008, from https://cheerleading. about. com.