Federal v. State Power Essay Example for Free

Federal v. State Power EssayAs citizens of the United States we exist under a federal system of government. There atomic number 18 different levels of the system, each cooperating with the next and each having some form of formal authority over the people. The age long leaning has been more differentiate agency is most effective no, more federal power is most effective. There are besides those who believe that an partake cooperation amongst both state and federal governments, our current way of separating power, is the most effective. So where should the line be drawn and which is most effective?The Constitution gave us a basic outline for how we should run our government. The bottom line is cooperative federalism powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government and they may also share costs, administration, and even blame for programs that work poorly (Edwards 81). The idea of cooperative federalism has raised an important question Where do the boundaries of national government end and where do the boundaries of state governments begin? The tenth amendment has somewhat of an answer to where the state boundaries begin.It says that if a state is not given a power directly by the fundamental police but is not prohibited from using that power then it is the states right to use and regulate that power. As for the boundaries of the national government, the supreme solicit case of McCulloch v. Maryland gives a good example. In 1791 the government established a national bank. This bank could print money and make loans as strong as a number of other banking responsibilities. Many people who believed that the government should have a limited amount of control over the economy were debate to the idea of a national bank.Eventually the government stopped funding the bank, but not long by and by came the second national bank. Out of insubordination to the bank, the state of Maryland passed a law taxing the Baltimore branch $15,000 a year which it refused to pay. Maryland decided to sue the branchs cashier, James McCulloch, and after the states law was upheld McCulloch took the case to the Supreme Court. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in favor of the bank on the railyard that Congress has certain implied powers and that because of these implied powers creating a national bank was perfectly acceptable.Just like the state governments, the powers of the national government are not always top off and can be interpreted rather narrowly or quite broadly. In Article 1 Section 8 of the constitution the powers of congress are specifically listed-enumerated powers-but this section of the constitution also includes the necessary and proper clause This clause states that Congress may create any laws or policies it sees fit to book the powers specifically spelled out. Going hand-in-hand with implied powers and the necessary and proper clause is the commerce clause.The commerce clause gives congress the right to regulate commerce. Commerce can be outlined today as the movement of goods, radio signals, electricity, telephone messages, the internet, policy transactions, and more (Edwards 77). Congress regulates the movement of all of these between the U. S and foreign nations, between states, and between Indian Tribes. With an extremely broad definition of commerce people have be tote up concerned with how much power the national government actually has. bestow to this concern are grants-in-aid and unfunded statutes.Grants-in-aid are grants given to state government from the federal government to aid in different programs and projects. Concern arises because grants often come with strings attached and sometimes are not given to states until they fulfill certain requirements (this would be an example of a mandate). Sometimes the government passes a law and expects states to follow that law and fund it without help from the government this is an unfunded mandate. The federal governm ent often uses grants-in-aid and unfunded mandates to have more control over what happens inside the states which is where the concern of cooperation and boundaries comes from.In addition to the different components of federalism, there are pieces of legislature that also make people question whether more, less, or the same amount of power to the states is most effective. Among these pieces of legislature are the Affordable Care Act and the Clean descent Act. The Affordable Care Act, or Obamacare, was designed to make health insurance more readily available and more affordable. Obamacare, has two key components an individual mandate and Medicaid amplification.People who do not have health insurance, either with their employer or personally, are required to purchase health care before 2014. Anyone who does not follow this mandate impart be required to pay a shared responsibility payment to the Federal government. As of right now Medicaid covers pregnant women, children, needy fam ilies, the blind, the elderly, and the disabled. Obamacare would expand this by requiring states to provide care to adults with incomes up to 133 portion of the federal poverty level. This act also increases the amount of money states will receive for this mandate.In the case that a state does not follow the Medicaid expansion it may lose all funding for both the requirements and Medicaid. The Clean Air Act regulates the amount of pollutants floating in the business line, the amount of pollutants released by industrial and brisk sources, and the types of fines and sanctions levied against pollution violators (Potoski 335). The environmental protection agency allows states to take responsibility of the requirements in their state and as long as they follow the minimum requirements the state will receive funding from the government.If a state does not comply with the minimum standards for clean air, the Clean Air Act will become an unfunded mandate just the same as Obamacare would become an unfunded mandate. Where Obamacare and the Clean Air Act are concerned, policymaking is most effective through state and federal cooperation. kickoff and foremost if a state decided not to follow the requirements of expanding Medicaid, the burden of an unfunded mandate would rest on the shoulders of its citizens and its government. The same would go for the Clean Air Act. This may even be worse considering the point of the Clean Air Act is to keep our air clean.Without the cooperation of the states we dont have clean air and without clean air we have sickness and unhealthy conditions for our citizens. This being said cooperation is extremely important between the levels of government. If the federal government were to have more control, at least where these policies are concerned, there is the potential danger of the government issuing these policies and not providing funding for them because they dont want to spend the money or they want to show how powerful they are or f or whatever reason.In the event that this happens the states are stuck with a pretty large burden of making accepted that they have enough money to meet the standards of Medicaid expansion and the clean air act. In the case that states had more power, inconsistency would become a reality. Every state is different. They want different things and not all are willing to meet the same standards. If enough inconsistency occurs and each state creates different standards for their policies, theres almost no point to having the federal government because states start to believe themselves to be independent.With all of that being said, policymaking is most effective through state and federal cooperation. With more power to one or the other we lose sight of a democracy. Our country was designed on the basis of cooperative federalism. We wouldnt be the United States anymore without the federal government, without the states, or with one having more power over the other. Our system of checks a nd balances provides us with an effective way of accomplishing our goals and staying united. Federalism In America

Tropicana Orange Essay Example for Free

Tropicana orange EssayThey have a strong market share and their priority is to serve the best quality of unobjectionable orange succuss made from the best oranges in town. Tropicana Premium Orange Juice is one of the subsidiary of Pepsi Company.After such a long time existence under the same label and packaging, in February 2009 Tropicana Premium Orange Juice transportd the old packaging to a whole new design which looks completely different. diaphysis Arnell, the CEO of Arnell company, which is a design company that designed the new packaging of Tropicana Premium Orange Juice gave an idea to refresh the packaging of the orange juice by eliminating the orange and the straw in the old design with a cup of orange juice. The idea of the change is to give customers the look of whats really within the carton, not the orange but whats inside the orange which is fresh orange juices.They also changed the cap into a more round-shaped cap with texture of an orange, the idea of th is change is to make the customers feel like squeezing the orange before they finally open the package and drink the orange juice. They are trying to make sober first impression on the new design which looks more modern. Unfortunately, the messages that Arnell trying to send was not delivered very well. Most of the customers complained about the new packaging of Tropicana, they state that the new design was not really attractive to them.The removal of the big orange and straw removes the strong message of fresh and juicy. The loyal customers of Tropicana Premium Orange Juice complained about the new picture of a cup of orange juice that gives a different look and perception about how the orange juice would taste although there is not different with the ingridients. After receiving many complains from the customers, followed by decrease of the product sales by 20% , within one month Tropicana Premium Orange finally changed the new packaging design into the old ones.This change rece ived positive feedback from customers and followed by recovery of the sales of the product. The reason wherefore the company changes their packaging is because they are trying to put a new concept and perception to the customer. The perceptual organization principles, figure and ground is people play to organize perceptions into figures and ground relationship and the figure usually perceive clearly because in contrast to background.Arnell was trying to create a new image that pull up stakes make a product has in the mind of the customer as consumer may rely more on the image conveyed by the brand than its positive attributes. The objective of Arnell to create the new design of the packaging is to communicate a modern and trendy lifestyle. However, the customere drink which make the consumers unwilling to purchase the new Tropicana. This is in line with the perceived quality of products theory, where the consumers will judge the quality of a product based on the psychical charac teristics of the product (in this case, the packaging).

Smiths Group SWOT and PESTLE Analysis

Smiths crowd SWOT and PESTLE AnalysisIntroductionSmiths conference was first formal as a family time and watch business in 1851 by its founder Samuel Smith. Later in 1944 S. Smiths Sons (Motor Accessories) public limited bon ton was formed with four dividers including motor accessories, telephone linecraft instruments, industrial instruments and incline clocks. In 1958 aircraft instruments combined with Kelvin Hughes, establish aviation and marine divisions. lodge take aims Portland Plastics and Surgical Plastic in the same family (1958). Industrial division was established in 1960 which was concerned with the industrial instruments. In 1965 union changes its name to Smiths industries in 1965. (Detail history of follow is listed out in appendices-1).(http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/results)In July 2008, Smiths Group announced the accomplishment of Triasx, a Brisbane-based wireless communications comp angiotensin-converting enzyments manufacturer. In the same month, Smit hs Detection opened a high-tech production plant in Germany designed to meet the soar up global demand for its advanced roentgen ray scanning machines. In September 2008, Smiths Group announced the sale of an eight acre former operational site in Basingstoke, Hampshire for 16 million (approximately $32 million). In the same month, Smiths medical checkup developed a unique wireless blood pressure monitor lizard using Bluetooth applied science which is set to transform the way medics treat sarcasticly ill patients in hospital. Later in the month, the root word announced that its interconnect division won recollective-term design and supply contracts on US military communications programmes worth a potential 225 million (approximately $450.1 million). In November 2008, Smiths Group announced the learning of Zhejiang Zheda Medical Instrument, the Hangzhou-based medical instruments manufacturer.In January 2009, John Crane announced that it won a unfermented 8 million (approxim ately $16 million) primary(prenominal)tenance contract from upstream anoint and gas exploration corporation Talisman Energy (UK). In the same year, the group opened its new headquarters in central London, completing a reorganization designed to cast up customer focus and significantly cut cost.(http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/results)Review and analysis of confederations sector and troupe standing in sector, identify its main competitorsSmiths group provide run and products for medical devices, contraband espial, energy and communication food market in often than 50 countries worldwide. Group mainly operates in UK, nitrogen America and continental Europe. There atomic number 18 four main divisions of group which are detection, medical, john crane, medical and specialty former(a). Group is operates with four g all oernments and their agencies, petrochemical companies, hospitals and equipment manufacturers and service supplier in different sectors around the world.Smiths De tection is one of world best manufacturers and designers of sensors that detects and identify narcotics, explosives, weapons, chemical agents, contraband and biohazards. Detection division helps customers in the global transportation, borders and ports, critical infrastructure, emergency responder market and military. This division provides services to the customs authorities, emergency responders, security authorities and homeland securities. Division is providing different services to US institutionalize Security Administration (TSA), UK ministry defense and airport security to BAA in UK.John Carne is some other main profits contributing business of Smiths group Plc. It provides products and services for major process industries, which holds chemical, fossil oil and gas companies, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper and mining sector. This division provides services to oil and gas companies, pump, refineries and compressors manufacturers. Main customers include China petroleum, C hevron, BP, Qatar gas, Saudi Amraco, Shell, Total, Dresser, Flowserve, Elliot, ITT, Mitsubishi, Solar Turines and many to a greater extent.(John Crane to cut 90 at seal factory, Dawson, Brad, Rubber Plastics News 11/17/2003, Vol. 33 Issue 8, p1-22, 2p)Medical division is one of top medical specialist supplier of medical devices and equipments for worldwide market. Divisions products exchangeable medication delivery, safety devices and vital care are market focused and serving in the treatment of cancer, diabetes and many other illnesses. Division has direct sales in twenty countries and has distribution channels in many other countries.Flex-Tek is another division of Smiths group plc. This division provides engineered components that heat and move fluids for the medical, aerospace, industrial, locution and domestic markets. It is also providing fluids for commercial aircraft and for motor sports fuel and hydraulic applications. It has manufacturing facilities in UK, France, Ma laysia, China, India and Mexico. Company customers include Boeing, Electrolux, Carrier, Whirlpool, Trane Part Whitiney GE Aerospace, Airbus, Ho everywhere, Dyson and Panasonic.(MARKET FOCUS, Velocci, Jr., Anthony, Aviation Week Space Technology 9/29/2003, Vol. 159 Issue 13, p10-11, 2p, 1 Chart, 1 Graph)Following are the few major compotators of Smiths Group Plc. Detail competitors information can be found in appendix.EADSGoodrich lotGE HealthcareFlowserve CorporationL-3 Communications Holdings, Inc.3M CompanyGE one of the big rival companies is trying to acquire Smiths Group Plc. for 2.45 billion. If this acquisition is successful than group go away lose one of its important division. Smiths Group competitors are instal strategic move to take group out of business. For complete list of competitors see appendices-2)(Kanter Jake, Supply Management 10/22/2009, Vol. 14 Issue 21, p7-7, 3/4p)Smiths Group is in operation(p) in highly competitive markets and in those markets competit ors establish more recourses than the group.Smiths Detection contends with L3 Security Detection Systems, GE Security, Nucteck and Rapiscan Systems. In the emergency responder and military market group main competitors are Bruker, Environics, General Dynamics and Canberra.John Crane is also operation in highly competitive environs. In Oil and Gas rotation technologies major competitors of John carne are Eagle Burgmann Industries, Flowserve, Ocborne Engineering Waukesha. In equipment in upstream energy division face competitors like Norris, Weatherford, Cameron, UPCO and Quinn.Medical division competes with well establish competitors like, Teleflex, Covidien, Becton Dickinson, Cardinal, Hospira, Vital signs, Medtronic and many more. Many sm completely and medium size competitors are working are competing with Smiths Interconnect operations. Competitors of microwave oven sub system include Deutsch, Radiall, Amphenol and Souriau.Smiths group aerospace tubular systems competitors i nclude Eaton and Parker- Hannifin. Heat solutions domestic appliance and specialty heating element competitors include Watlow, Emerson and Chromalux. In construction related operation group is facing competition from Hitachi, Omega-fex, Hart Cooley, Atco and Goodman.(MARKET FOCUS, Velocci, Jr., Anthony, Aviation Week Space Technology 9/29/2003, Vol. 159 Issue 13, p10-11, 2p, 1 Chart, 1 Graph)PESTLE ANALYSIS(P)OLITICALSmiths Group has good relationship with governments like, USA, UK, Europe, China, Russia and many others. Smiths group is involved directly in national security of UK and USA. Most of the group contracts are from governments and public sector. Smiths group products are used in detection, medical, oil gas, aviation and many other businesses as well. In order itself operation group has make sure that it deals with governments fairly otherwise it will be difficult for group to keep most of it business. Involvement in national security and defense should be carried out i n such a manner that no confidentiality is breached. Change in political government may result in loss of contracts as new governments may not want to occur projects with the group. Change in government policies and tax rate changes will directly affect group profitability.(http//www.smiths.com/ar09/smiths_group.aspx)(E)CONOMICAL check to IMF reports world economy will be in recession for 2009 and 2010. It is evidenced now that this economic recession was worse than expected. Economic recession will fetch prejudicial effect on group revenues and group may have to redundant extra staff if this trend continues.(http//www.smiths.com/ar09/smiths_group.aspx)(S)OCIALGroup is run directly and indirectly in countries with different social and cultural backgrounds. Thus group has to make sure that it shouldnt work against the cultural and social values of that country. Group should develop such human resources strategies that it will result in motivation for their staff from different back grounds.(http//www.smiths.com/ar09/smiths_group.aspx)(T)ECHNOLOGICALSmiths group is operating in such a competitive environment that it has to change its procedures in such a manner it should remain market leader. Technology changes results in cost savings, time saving and resources saving thus at last results in profits. Group has acquired many running business to have benefit of new market, products and technologies.(http//www.smiths.com/ar09/smiths_group.aspx)(L)EGALGroup operations may result in law suits every from employee or from customers. Such losses can be big enough to have negative effects on profitability. Thus group should devise extenuation strategies like get insurance for losses etc.(http//www.smiths.com/ar09/smiths_group.aspx)(E)NVIRONMENTALGroup should operate in such a manner that its operations should result in long term sustainable profits. Group operations are global and it operations will have massive impact on environment. Thus group must act to redu ce negative impacts of its operations. Group must not consume all the procurable resources and must replace all consumed resources as it will develop sustainability to climate and help future generation to exist.(ACCA P3, 2010)SWOT ANALYSISSmiths Group one of the biggest technology group globally. Smiths group acquired many companies which brought synergies for the group. On the other sight acquisition also results in many inherent problems.(S)trengthsRapid inorganic growth Group has acquired well established companies in different sectors which give them more capabilities to meet customer needs. Acquisition of Sartorius Bearing Technology (SBT) has improved group abilities to improve technological improvement and results in high performance rotating equipment for oil and gas constancy.(Smiths Group buys six US companies in a year Professional Engineering 5/25/2005, Vol. 18 Issue 10, p14-14, 1/5p) operose geographical presences and good customer relations Group is operating in m ore than fifty countries worldwide. Group has good relations with governments like US, UK and Europe. Group have contracts with the governments, big industries, hospitals and many other global companies. Smiths detections technology is used at nearly 80% of the worlds airports and 85% of its sales are influenced by the governments and their agencies.Capabilities Group has conceptive abilities to develop new technologies. Investment in research and development is significant which is a recital of group commitment to the future organic growth of the business. Group has invested 86 million in RD in financial year 2008, which was 8.9% more than the previous year.(W)eaknessesPoor property focusing As compare to 2007 group cash inflows in 2008 are declining. The net cash inflow from operating activities decreased by 19.5%, if this trend continues in future political party will be fight to pay its liabilities. Poor cash anxiety indicates poor cost controls, inefficient management of resources and poor decision making by the management.High gearing It is find in the financial statements of the company that debt in 2008 have increased as compared to the 2007. There is 30.7% increase in debt which means company is relying more on debts than other cheap financing sources like equity and internally generated profits. High debts can result in less profits, compulsory chase payments, loss of investors trust and last loss of control because of collaterals.Competitors Group is operating in highly competitive environment where it faces competition from global companies which have more resources than the group. Competitors like, EADS, Goodrich Corporation, GE Healthcare, Flowserve Corporation, L-3 Communications Holdings, Inc., 3M Company, Anaren, Inc., Amphenol Corporation and many more are well establish businesses. Thus in such an environment it is challenging for Smiths to survive and compete on prices.(O)pportunitiesAcquisitions Group has acquired much well estab lished business and it has given more opportunities to gain competitive advantages, access to, new technologies, and new markets, large number of customers and diversification to manage risks. change magnitude product demands like, for detection and medical equipment US medical market has an evidence of growth over the past few years and it is estimated that this trend will continue in future. Thus group has potential of growth in this market.Increased demand in tourism industry has resulted in much stronger rebound of air traffic in recent years than evidenced previously. Thus there is big potential for group to expend in this market and in all other product markets as well.(Smiths confident that growth will continue Massy-Beresford, Helen, Flight internationalist 3/22/2005, Vol. 167 Issue 4977, p26-26, 1/4p)(T)hreatsGlobal economic recession According to the IMF reports world economy will be in recession for next two years and this recession will have negative impact on global c ompanies.Highly competitive industry It will be difficult for company to increase profitability in such an profound competitive environment.(http//www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2009/res070809a.htm)Financial analysisProfitabilityProfitability ratios can be used by investors to evaluate company is generating enough profits or not. Management can use these ratios to evaluate whether controls are efficiently working and company achieving will be able to carry through long term sustainable profits or not.(ACCA F9, 2010)Return on capital employed (ROCE)ROCE is a profitability ratio which describes relationship betwixt operating profits and capital employed. Capital employed includes debt and equity financing. ROCE of the company is increasing over the last three years. And company is generating more returns by using available sources of finance. ROCE in 2009 is 19.73% and for 2008 it is 17.98% which is 1.74% higher than the last year. There was 7.84% ROCE in Y/E 2006 but later on company has managed to increase return. ROCE can be come on explained by calculating net profit margin and asset turnover.(ACCA F9, 2010)Net Profit permissiveness (NPM)Net profit margin shows the relationship between operating profits and sales. NPM of Y/E2009 is 15.94% which is 0.28 % higher than the last year 15.66% in Y/E 2008. Over the last five years NPM is increasing but increase is not significant. It may be because of poor controls on direct and indirect costs and high competitive environment. Company may be attempt to compete on price due to competitors actions.Asset Turnover (AT)Asset turnover shows relationship between sales and capital employed. AT shows how efficiently non incumbent assets of company has been utilized over the past years. Company AT in 2009 is 0.09 times higher than the last year and there is not much difference between AT over the last five years. Company noncurrent assets are losing their efficiency and they might need replacements in near futu re.Gross Profit Margin (GPM)GPM shows relation between gross profit and turnover. GPM is stable over the last five years. This shows that company have good control on direct costs (material, labor and production overheads).(ACCA F9, 2010)Liquidity RatiosLiquidity ratios show the liquid (cash) resources condition of the business. These ratios explain the ability of company to pay its current liabilities and expenses.(ACCA F5, 2010) flow rate Ratio (CR)Current ratio explains relation between current assets and current liabilities. Group CR is below than standard CR of 2. Over the last five years company CR is consistent. Company has to fewer current assets as compared to the current liabilities.(ACCA F5, 2010)Quick Ratio (QR)Quick ratio shows the relation between liquid current assets and current liabilities. Group QR is less than standard 1 time. Company has less liquid assets available as compared to the current liabilities. If this trend continues company will be struggling to pay its current liabilities and eventually group can face cash flow problems.(ACCA F5, 2010)Working Capital RatiosWorking capital ratios explain the cash management of the business. It includes further three ratios. fund Days (ID)Inventory days of the group are gradually increasing which means group is losing its control over the inventory. Company is keeping inventory for longer period and this trend is increasing every year. Group has to incur extra cost like holding cost in holding inventory for long and if inventory take longer to sale it will result in loss of value.(ACCA F5, 2010)Accounts Payable Days (APD)APD of the group is cut as comparison to the last five years. If company is paying to their suppliers earlier it will loss cash and eventually will be difficult for company to manage cash flows. If group delay its payments to the suppliers it can use same cash for other purposes and thus can have a benefit of interest free loan.(ACCA F5, 2010)Accounts Receivable Days (ARD)Accou nts receivable days shows the time period taken by the receivables to pay organisation. TRD have increased over the last few years and thus group is struggling to get money back from their customers.(ACCA F5, 2010)Solvency RatiosFinancial GearingGroup long term debts have increased over the last five years. In Y/E 2009 long term debts of the company were 752.2 million which is 31.5 million higher than the Y/E 2008. Group is relying more on debts as compared to the character capital thus group is exposed to high risks. Group is highly geared and investors will lose their interest in investing in to the organization.(ACCA F5, 2010)Interest Cover (IC)IC shows comparison between operating profits and interest charge. Company profits are increasing over the last five year. Company ability to pay interest is increasing over the last few years.Price Earnings Ratio (P/E ratio)P/E ratio can be used to explain the relation between overlap price and profits. This ratio helps investors to ide ntify whether the company is achieving their aim of maximation of wealth and growth of their wealth. P/E ratio of the company is 4.352 times in Y/E 2009 and is 5.595times in Y/E 2008. If this trend continues investors will lose their interest in group and group will suffer to get equity financing.(ACCA F5, 2010)Earnings per region (EPS)EPS is the measure of amount of dividend (portion of profit distributed among share holders) available to the share holders. As compared to 2008 company EPS has increased by 1 penny. On average group EPS remain at same level this indication that company is giving regular dividend to its share holders.(ACCA F5, 2010)Share PriceShare price is very sensitive information for shareholders and little variation in share price will change investors choice of investment. There are many factors which affect share price like speculations, company performance, forecasts, company future perspectives, market trends and many more.Group share price variations over the last five years can be seen in appendices. Share price trend shows company share price is coming back to peak as it was in 2008. Group share price fell to the lowest price in may 2009. Group has significant impact of economic recession on its share price. This shows lack of investors trust in stocks market as there was high risk in market due to recession. In 2010 group share price revive and reaches to its maximum, which shows investor still trust group and are willing to invest into company.(ACCA F9, 2010)Appendices vermiform process 1Smiths Group History (from 1983 till 2008)In 1983 company ceased production of direct supplies of original equipment to European motor industry. Company sold vehicle skunk business to a subsidiary of Hanson Trust in same year (1983). Company also stops operations of mechanical clocks in 1984. At that time (1984) company was operating under three groups industrial medical systems and defense and aerospace. In 1987 company acquire US avionics bus iness of Laer Siegler Holidings. Company acquire Graseby which was involved in defense related equipments for biological and chemical detection in 1997. Strategic Technology Systems, a supplier of health and usage monitor systems was acquired in 1999. In 2000 company acquired the BAE systems, Marconi actuation systems and an aerospace division of Invensys. In the same year (2000) company purchased Fairchild Dynamics from Orbital Sience and merged with TI Group and was named as Smiths Group.Group do acquisition of Barringer Technologies, Point- Lok Needle Protection Device from Griff Industries, Summitek Instruments and Bivona Medical Technologies. In late 2001 group sold its vacuum and pressure businesses to BOC Edeards. In mid(prenominal) 2002 group sold its Jhon Crane-Lips marine business to Wartsila of Finland. In 2002 company also acquire Heimann Systems in 2002. Group sold its air movement and cable management businesses by the end of 2002 to HSBC private equity.In mid 2003 gr oup announced to form a new division including Smiths Heimann and Smiths Detection to supply services to detection market. Company streamlined its medical division to for Smiths Medical in same year (2003). Company sells Matzen Timm(international aeronautical industry) to Masterflex and also sell its polymer business to Trelleborg. Company made a contract with Boeing to supply wind pylons for 20 years in the end of 2003.Cyrano Sciences was acquired by Smiths Detection in 2004. Dynamic Gunver Technologies (aerospace business) was acquired by the group for $102 million, in 2004. SensIR Technologies, a manufacturers of infrared based analysers for $75 million. TRAK communications was later acquired in 2004 for $111.5 million and strengthened its interconnect business. A respiratory care device company was acquired in 2004 by Smiths Medical. John Crane acquired Tianjin Timing Seals in 2004 to strengthened its presence in China.The group acquired Farran Technology and strengthened its d etection activities, in 2005. In the same year, it acquired Medex, a medical devices company for $925 million. Later in the year, the group acquired ETI Technology, a US bio-technology detection company. Also in 2005, SmithsGroup announced that conciliatory Technologies business of the specialty engineering division had purchased Hi-Tech Hose in Massachusetts for 9 million and Farnam Custom Products in North Carolina for 3.5 million. During the same year, the company acquired Millitech, a millimetre wave and antenna company in the US, for $33.5 million. Later in 2005, it acquired LiveWave for $17.6 million and extended its detection technology range.In 2006, Smiths Group grow its interconnect business by acquiring the business and assets of Lorch Microwave for $25 million.The group entered into a contract with Shanghai Pudong world-wide Airport to supply x-ray systems, in the same year. Later in the year, the group established engine components facility in North Carolina. Also, t he detection division established a new production facility, Smiths Heimann Rus, in St Petersburg, Russia. Also in 2006, the group partnered with Boeing for GoldCare service solution for Boeing 787 dreamliner operators. During the same year, the group launched Tadar, a new people screening system.During 2006, the aerospace division of the group teamed up with BAE Systems to develop anUnmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) technology demonstrator project called Taranis. During the same month, Smiths group entered into $60 million agreement with General electric car on F404 engine. Later in 2006, Dowty Propellers, a business of the aerospace division, entered into a long term propeller support agreement with Flybe Airlines for the Dash 8 Q400 passenger aircraft fleet.Smiths Group announced the acquisition of CDI Energy Services (CDI) in 2007. In the same year, the group sold its aerospace businesses to General Electric. Later in the year, Smiths Detection secured ten year BAA deal to revolutioni se UK passenger checkpoints. Deal includes deployment of aTiX, the checkpoint X-ray machine that can automatically detect explosives and liquids. Also, in Russia and Dubai, Smiths Detection gained significant orders worth over $150 million in the transportation and ports border markets.During 2007, Smiths interconnect, part of Smiths Group, announced that four of its businesses,Hypertac, TRAK Microwave Systems, PolyPhaser and Millitech were awarded contracts with a total potential value of over $90 million. In the same year, Smiths Group acquired Sartorius Bearing Technology (SBT), part of Sartorius. SBT is a leading provider of high performance rotating equipment for the oil and gas industry based in Gottingen, Germany. Later in 2007, Smiths Group sold its MarineIn March 2008, Smiths Group received 510(k) clearance from the US Food and dose Administration (FDA) for a new portable medication delivery system that would make pain management simpler and safer for patients and clinici ans. After one month, Smiths Group announced the acquisition of Indufil BV, a Dutch-based specialist in filters for the petrochemical and process industries. Smiths Medical announced it would promote and distribute Abbotts FreeStyle Navigator Continuous Glucose Monitoring System in April 2008. In may 2008, Smiths Group announced the purchase of Allrizon Tongguang, a Shanghai-based communications equipment firm. In the same month, the group announced completion of its acquisition of Fiber Composite (Fiberod), a Texas-based company, specialist in oil and gas lifting equipment.(http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/results)Appendix 2Smiths Group Competitors ListAnaren, Inc.Amphenol CorporationAmerican Technology CorporationB. Braun Medical IncBecton, Dickinson and Co.Cobham plcCovidien Ltd.Cardinal Health, Inc.Cameron International CorporationEmerson Electric Co.General Electric CompanyGE Security, Inc.Hitachi, Ltd.Hart Cooley, Inc.Hospira, Inc.Moog Inc.Medtronic, Inc.Nutech Inc.NORRIS MEDIC Omega Flex, Inc.Pall CorporationQuinn Group, Inc.Radiall SARapiscan Systems, Inc.Siemens AGTeleflex IncorporatedTyco International Ltd.United Technologies CorporationUniversal Potash CorpVital Signs, Inc.Weatherford International Ltd.Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company(http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/results)Appendix 3Ratios AnalysisY/E 07/31/09Y/E07/31/08Y/E07/31/07Y/E07/31/06Y/E07/31/05ProfitabilityROCE=PBIT/CE* cytosine424.80/(3011.3)*100=19.727%17.9817.0157.84814.783NPM424.8/2664.6*100=15.942%15.6614.5455.44711.86AT2664.6/(1541.5-858)=1.24 times1.151.171.371.25GPM1217.1/2664.6*100=45.68%45.4846.3640.0738.37LiquidityCurrent Ratio1099.6/858=1.28 Times1.331.211.281.32Quick Ratio(1099.6-413.6)/858=0.799 Times0.860.8240.7810.77Working CapitalInventory Days413.6/1330.1*365=113 days117107102120Accounts Payable days130.7/1330.1*365=35 days48554645Receivables Days514.4/2664.6*365=70 days83756982Solvency RatiosFinancial gearing752.2/859*100=87.57%78.6862.7863.2777.83Interest Cover424.8/54 .4=7.818.415.433.297.45Dividend Cover30.0326.622.122.8828.63P/E Ratio4.3525.5954.4343.7723.873EPS0.0540.0420.0530.0570.051Appendix 4Share price Movement(Adopted from http//ir1.euroinvestor.com/asp/IR/PrinterFriendly/PFOD2.aspx)

State Of Nature Would Be State Of War

plead Of temperament Would Be allege Of fightThomas Hobbes set out to account for semi policy-making office staff with the use of the plead of Nature. He illustrated what life outside of society without any(prenominal) overall authority keeping any unitary in check would be like. Hobbes identified the relegate of Nature with a res publica of contend but used war in an extended sense, to include not clean armed hostilities but any situation where on that point is no reason fitted expectation that hostilities will not erupt. He argued that the kn admit readiness to engage in acts of aggression amounts in itself to a claim of War. Specifically there atomic number 18 three principal causes of quarrel (lev) which throw plurality into hostilities. These causes are competition, diffidence and glory (Lev p. 88) and together they ensure that the disk operating system of Nature is a State of War.The State of Nature put simply is a situation in which hu domain bes have no gov ernment, no political institutions and the feelings that they engender and no executive forces such as a police force or army in other words, it is a match of anarchy. The State of Nature is an idealisation, a model. (Engaging P.19) Hobbes uses the State of Nature to justify political authority, or as Hobbes calls it, the commonwealth. He does not describe literally everything that would be the case in the absence of political arrangements, but only those things that matter for explaining political authority. What Hobbes did, was to identify features of human nature and the human condition that are universal, that in no style depend upon political authority relations, and that are relevant to explaining political authority causally. The State of Nature can be considered as a condition from which people are to escape if political authority is to be justified. So the sole alternative to political authority is the State of Nature, however according to Hobbes, the State of Nature is unbearably nasty as what is crucial to the state of natures justificatory role is the fact that life in it is pretty grim. Therefore the sole alternative to political authority is unbearably nasty, hence imposing political authority is justified. Hobbes attempted to illustrate that subjection to authority is vastly preferable to anarchy the State of War he held the view that if we had reasons to believe that political authority is much better than the State of Nature, then imposing political authority is justified.Hobbes attempted to demonstrate that the State of Nature is a State of War in order to justify political authority. He depicted the State of War as a throw in full of insecurity and uncertainty in order to further substantiate his claim. The State does not necessarily consist in actual fighting, but a kn consume disposition thereto, during which there is no assurance to the contrary. (page 86 Leviathan). Hobbes depicted the State of War as a condition in which civilisati on and its benefits are absent. Only through the organisation of society and the establishment of the commonwealth can civilisation be attained. One thing that Hobbes recognised about the natural condition of mankind was the relative equality of individuals within it. When Hobbes spoke of equality he did not mean equality in a moralised sense, but more the diffusion of physical and mental endowments. Nature has made men so equal that, although nigh humans are manifestly stronger in body or of fast mind, these endowments are distributed in such a way that even the weakest, slowest and dum surmount among them can crop up the strongest, fastest and smartest. Hobbes claimed that when all is reckoned together, the difference between man and man is not so considerable, all human beings are, in other words, vulnerable to assault at the hands of all others. Equality, for Hobbes, is based upon the equal ability to kill or conquer others so inevitably equality leads to conflict, a State o f Nature will be a war of all against all.(leviathan p. Vii)In the State of Nature, there are three causes of conflict competition, distrust and the desire for glory. Competition leads to fighting for grain, diffidence to fighting to keep what has been gained and glory to fighting for reputation. These sources of conflict organise from what Hobbes calls the equality of ability (lev) in men. This natural equality of men is not equality of pays or of worth but an equality of ability, which leads to equality of hope in attaining ones ends and so to competition. The right of each to all things invites serious conflict, especially if there is competition for resources, as goods -are in relatively short supply in the State of Nature.(Stamford) So if any two men want a single thing which cannot be attained by both, they will become enemies (page 84 Leviathan) divergence can occur for example when someone has come to possess a better piece of land. If an invader would have nothing to fe ar but that one mans individual power, then it is more than likely that someone will choose to invade this estate and attempt to deprive the owner of his possessions. But then the prospered invader will then be in similar danger from someone else. It is an endless cycle of conflict in the State of Nature, which inevitably creates unfriendly conditions. However, Hobbes claim that all men are equal is false. The very young, the very old and the infirm generally pose no mortal threat to able bodied persons in the prime of life and therefore there would be no competition in some circumstances. Whilst it was not Hobbess aim to describe what is literally the case, this does demonstrate that not all of his reasons were convincing when explaining why the State of Nature would be a State of War.Hobbes further illustrated a State of as a State of War as it is a place where nobody feels secure, each person has a reason to attack any other person, for fear of being attacked first this is what Hobbes referred to as diffidence. Because of this distrust amongst men, the most reasonable way for anyone to make themselves safe is to bump into first, so attack can be seen as the best form of defence in a State of War. And, because each person has roughly equal killing power, everybody is both a potential killer and a potential victim. The fact that each of them is liable to aggression from others means that each person has to treat every other person as an enemy. People dont just regard everyone as possible enemies, in the State of War everyone is an enemy. Hence diffidence makes people invade one another for safety. Hobbes quite rightly held that the State of Nature would be a State of War therefore as people would fear that others may invade them, and may rationally plan to strike first as an anticipatory defense, a natural human instinct to preserve their own safety. Hobbes also said that The State of War arises from the nature of some people, mainly those who want others to value them as highly as they values themselves. exult drives people to attack others to raise their value in the eyes of others. Glory is therefore a source of unwarranted aggression and when there is no common power to keep people at peace, conflict will occur which Hobbes quite rightly said.Hobbes had a particularly good reason for believing that the State of Nature would be one of war as morality has no place in this pre-political world that Hobbes created. Everyone has an interest in killing everyone else pre-emptively, whenever possible, and this is acceptable as nothing holds any individuals back from committing any immoral acts, humans would simply act as their interests dictate. In a State of Nature, by definition there are no rules, not even unenforceable ones that might warn some from committing such acts. Therefore even moral restrictions to do or withhold from doing certain things for example, not to kill have no effect in a State of Nature. Hobbess view was that in the natural State of War there are no objective moral distinctions. In this State of War of every man against every man nothing can be unjust. The notions of right and wrong, justice and injustice, have n place. Where there is no common power, there is no law, where no law, no injustice.Hobbes assumed that the state of nature would be a state of war as taking people as they in truth are, if you were to remove all political institutions, the natural proclivities that would ensue would lead to a state of war. Notably, without political institutions, the natural impulses to self-preservation are doomed to failure. In the state of nature, that is our dejected predicament.Natural right of self-preservation (ch. 14) the liberty each one has to use her/his own power for self-preservation.A central claim of HobbesIt is rational to give up ones right to self-governance to a sovereign, if everyone else agrees to do the same. (See chapter 17, section 13)The natural state of war, therefore , is the state of affairs in which the individual is dependent for his security on his own strength and his own wits. In such conditions there is no place for hard work, because there is no assurance that it will yield results and consequently no cultivation of the earth, no navigation or use of materials that can be imported by sea, no construction of large buildings, no machines for moving things that require much force, no knowledge of the face of the earth, no account of time, no practical skills, no literature or scholarship, no society and-worst of all-continual fear and danger of violent death, and the life of man solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.Perhaps we would imagine that people might fare best in such a state, where each decides for herself how to act, and is judge, jury and executioner in her own case whenever disputes arise-and that at any rate, this state is the appropriate baseline against which to judge the justifiability of political arrangements.

Developing Emergency Action Plan for Gym

Developing Emergency Action Plan for GymUnderstanding essential procedures in fitness environmentAn requisite solvent system is polar for ensuring a safe environment for members, users, and staff, as well as being a genuinely sound practice for managing try. With health and fitness facilities, an emergency response system essential be established to offer the highest reasonable safety level for users and staff.Emergency middle school procedures are the established plans that are instigated if an emergency occurs. It whitethorn be simply a power outage, or much seriously a medical emergency, a fire or even a weather-related scenario. Gyms must require an emergency action plan (EAP) in place so that all the occupants at the time will be able to act efficaciously if required.What Would You Do?If a gym clients is seriously injured, or worse, dies in front of you while they have been exercising. What would you do? The question usually comes as a write out surprise to existing and new instructors. Unfortunately, the nonion of folks dying or being injured while in an exercise environment is rarely address by the gym management, or by employees. Therefore, when it does happens, which it will one day, the gym is in chaos as basically nobody greets what procedures to fol abject.Gym Emergency characteristic ScenarioThis is what usually happens when procedures are obscure.The gym staff are non clear about what to do, panic whitethorn ensue.The front desk operator telephones 911 (or the police).The gym management may performs cardiopulmonary resuscitation/AED.Members are afraid to booster or do not wish to be involved.While this scenario is generally what happens, it is that the instructor/trainers not knowing that is curiously disturbing when seconds and minutes are crucial and washbasin save a life.The reasoning here is that on the whole the gym staff do not know a gyms emergency procedures, regarding say, a heart attack. Even if they do know the proc edure, how many instructors are CRP/AED certified?Why more Gym Managements Dont Know EAP?It is assumed that instructors who are CPR/AED certified already know what to do.They do not want to scare outdoor(a) new instructors.The gym has no procedures in place for emergencies (other than call 911).It has not occurred to the manager/owner that clients may experience heart attacks at that place.Chain of Command each gym should have a chain of responsibility which is deployed during an emergency. Emergencies can happen at any moment. There will be occasions when the someone in overall orient will not be in the premises. That is why a chain of responsibility is essential, as the next person becomes in charge of the emergency.Activation of EAPThe individual in charge at the time should make the call to activate an EAP. If a medical emergency has occurred, then those who are develop in CPR and emergency aid must remain with the patient. The person in charge at the time will coordinate the staff and gym force out as to what they must do while the plan is in activation.Location of EquipmentAll gyms should have emergency equipment to hand. This must include a stolon aid kit, a telephone, fire extinguisher/s and sometimes an automated external defibrillator (AED). Every person that works in the gym must know where this equipment is on tap(predicate).Posting of Emergency ProcedureGyms should have an EAP poster in a circumpolar position in order that all the information is easily available in case of an emergency. This should list the chain of command, the side of emergency equipment, and other relevant information. People do not really think clearly in an emergency, and having an EAP poster with all relevant information can save a lives when time matters most.Managing the RisksThe management of risk refers to those practices and systems that gyms should establish to limit their exposure to any authorisation liability or financial detriment. In the health club a nd fitness industry, risk management refers to the practices, systems and procedures by which a gym can reduce the risk of an employee or a client coming to harm (injury or death). Risk management involves practices that are preventive (such as pre-activity screening and correctly maintaining equipment) to practices that can be considered a reaction to unexpected events (such as emergency response systems).It must be acknowledged that the various types of health and fitness facilities do markedly vary, from the unattended to medically supervised clinical exercise centers.Gyms and exercise facilities often serve varied aims and clients, they do or dont have organized programs, and too may or may not employ staff that are qualified.Management should use the local medical personnel or healthcare professionals to help develop an emergency response program.Local emergency medical services (EMS) can help a facility to develop a response program.Gyms and facilities can also engage the se rvices of a physician, a registered nurse, or a certified emergency medical technician to assist in the development of their response program.An emergency response system should consider any emergency situations that may occur.Among these are medical emergencies that can be foreseen in regard to moderate or more intense workouts, such as hypoglycemia, a heart attack, a cuff, cardiac arrest or heat illness, and injuries that are in nature orthopedic.The response system should also consider other potential emergencies not specifically caused by physical activity, such a chemical accident, fire, and a range of weather and subjective disaster events.An emergency response plan should consider explicit steps and instructions on how the emergency situation must be dealt with and including the roles that 1st , second , and 3rd responders to an emergency will play.Additionally, an emergency response plan must indicate clearly the locations of emergency equipment (e.g., telephone for 911 an d contact info for EMS, locations of the emergency exits, and the entranceway points for EMS personnel), and also the steps needed to contact local EMS.It is preferable to physically rehearse the emergency response system at least twice per year. medical checkup Emergencies at the GymExercise brings so many health benefits, and moreover is beneficial to people with many medical conditions that include heart disease and myocardial infarction (heart attack).The risk of a sudden medical emergency is ever present, and medical emergencies may occur before, during and after exercise. For vulnerable people, exercise may precipitate an emergency at the gym which can emanate from many different medical conditions the like diabetes or high blood pressure, heart disease, and also a poor physical condition, or obesity and so on. For example, if an individual experiences pressure of the chest during or after an exercise session, they must call an ambulance to ride to the infirmary irrespectiv e of whether the person is on medication for blood pressure or has had three prior heart attacks, if they are 22 years of age, or manifestly fit and ruddy.What to do in an EmergencyLet us assume that you are an instructor in a gym which has no clearly visible emergency procedure, or none that you are of. Perhaps one day you will hear a PA system announcement asking Is there a doctor or nurse in the building? that is usually a sign that something quite bad has happened. You might or might not hear those words over the PA. All clubs are different.If you feel that an emergency is occurring, whatever you may be doing, should be dropped and then head to the emergency location to assess the situation. Do not assume that someone else will do it. If you are instructing at the time, make excuses and go yourself.After arriving, these basic steps should be followed.If a person collapses, then immediately inform emergency medical services and also care for the person according to the guidelin es of the American Heart tie beam CPR or similar authority.If there is an automated external defibrillator (AED) available, then utilise it.Every instructor or trainer and gym management personnel are encouraged to at attend a basic CPR course.CPR techniques are easy to learn and they carry a very low risk of transmission of any disease to a provider if hands-only CPR is used or one of other modern protocols that de-emphasize giving give up breaths mouth-to-mouth.The training will help to prepare one to deal with a clear medical emergency such as collapse and in particular, the loss of pulse.Many medical emergencies begin with much less clear signs or symptoms.Chest pain is perhaps the most prevalent symptom of a cardiac emergency, although people often describe what they are feeling as tightness or pressure. Discomfort or sensations in the jaw or neck, the arms, the upper stomach or back, may also be linked to a cardiac event.Even without any chest discomfort, a shortness of bre ath, may well be a heart attack symptom or other medical emergency. This is a common feeling at a gym even for healthy individuals during or immediately following exercise. The thing to watch for is whether the shortness of breath seems dis-proportionate to the situation or if it is lasting longer than normal.Unfortunately, several other possible causes may be associated with a cardiac event such as, lightheadedness, nausea and sweating amongst them. Again, the rule of thumb is to look for what may seem out of the ordinary under the circumstances.Strokes are also a medical emergency which requires immediate response. While strokes are less usually thought of as being associated with exercising, the symptoms and signs of a stroke includea sudden headache,difficulty with finding wordslanguage comprehensionconfusionspeech is slurredun coordinated movement and numbnessa tingling or a weakness particularly on one side of the body or face.What actually constitutes a real medical emergen cy is often a challenging judgment call, and if one is in doubt then its better to send the person immediately to an emergency discussion section and let the professionals assess. Occasionally, people might prefer to visit an urgent care or their doctors office, but those facilities will usually not have the necessary resources to assess or manage a real emergency and so should be consulted for routine health care and what are clearly shaver issues.Some may wish to avoid the expense or drama of calling an ambulance. Bear in brainiac that if a person is really having a heart attack or a stroke, the minutes count, and the time elapsing from the start of the event to treatment will determine the extent of damage to heart musclebuilder or to the brain elapsing time can dramatically alter outcomes.If CPR is NecessaryKeep calmPerform CPR /use the AED (if you are CPR/AED certified)Have a staff member call 911 and also contact the gym manager/owner, regarding the incidentPerform CPR ( or AED) until the paramedics arrive get word a staff member to get the members club file to give to the paramedics on their arrival (this file should contain contact info, the medications of the person and such like, important info for paramedics).Assign a member of staff to wait outside the premises, to escort the paramedics inside and to the emergency location on their arrival. tear an incident reportCommon Gym Related EmergenciesOccasionally an athlete may experience a potentially life changing injury, such as to the head or a severe neck injury, eye injuries, or similar. However the majority of sports-related injuries will be bone and soft tissue injuries like strains, sprains, dislocations and knee injuries. Most of these injuries will absolutely require treatment, but it may not be necessary to call for an emergency response.On the whole, apart from the very serious health emergencies which may never even happen in your presence, most injuries that are gym and exercise relate d are avoidable. Remember the well-off rules to follow, and hopefully almost all injuries will not occur on your watch.Warm upStretching (both pre- and post-exercise )HydrationNutritionRestBear in mind that a body operates like a machine, yet it requires diligent maintenance such as correct nutrition, stretching and rest. Too much of a dear(p) thing, or overworking the body is always inadvisable and regularly leads to negative results. Remember to know your own limits and also those of the clients, meaning listen to your body and hopefully the incidence of injury will be greatly diminished.

The Meaning of What Are Years? by Marianne Moore :: Poems, Poetry Analysis

In the poem What Are Years?, Moore clearly expresses her perception of life.Moore states that no unitary can truly understand the nature of their guilt or innocence. Everyone is naked to the dangers of existence. Moore defines courage as resolute doubt, having the ability, or the the strength of spirit, to keep going even when defeated. To be strong, one mustiness accept their take in mortality. One must accept the reality of death and yet keep fighting to live. Although we are all imprisoned in a world of mortality, we must fight every day to give meaning to our life. We must live as if we were never going to dieMoore begins the last stanza with an ambiguous So. Although one has a heightened awareness of mortality, one behaves, one keeps the ego disciplined. This is the same concept as that of the caged bird who, though held captive in a cruelly subaltern space, continues to sing with all his heart. Despite the birds lack of satisfaction because of his loss of flight and fre edom, he knows joy.

Measuring Progress in the Technological Transformation of Writing Instruction :: Technology

Measuring Progress in the Technological Transformation of pen InstructionThe most provocative rhetorical moment for any new enterprise is the moment in which some maven opines what the enterprise leave do, will cause, or will enable. Inventor Dean Kamen claims that the Segway will revolutionize personal transportation. But we must wait and see, with varying degrees of anticipation, whether this comes true. In any popular cultural groundwork one cares to name, there is an explicit or implicit claim about the way that the innovation will change or transform life, its quality, or its effect. And one of the most prolific generators of pronouncements of time to come effect has been that enterprise commonly called the computer revolution.Given that the technologized nature of composition renders it just as prone to pronouncements as to how things will be, and given that its important to assess any major enterprise by comparing outcomes to original claims, it makes sense that techno- compositionists have been making broody and summative assertions about the state of technological writing instruction. Cynthia Selfe, Christina Haas, Barbara Blakely Duffelmeyer, and others have recently and specifically called us to look carefully and critically at the implications of what we are doing as teachers of technologized literacy. On a larger scale, It makes sense to look at the claims made in and by the profession of writing teachers about what will meet to the future of writing in a technological age. Here, we review claims made over the last ten years about the transformation of literacy, writing, and its instruction in the pages of College war paint and Communication, College English, and Computers and Composition. We then assert how far the profession has really come, as opposed to how far we thought wed be, and suggest some ways of overcoming the blocks to reaching these goals. We surveyed CE, CCC, and C&C from 1992 through 2002. We looked exclusively for what we call will claimsthat is, direct or obviously implied specific predictive claims of what technology will do to teaching, writing, and literacy, or what will happen in these environments. We cerebrate on these strong statements, not on statements of what ought to happen, what we need or will need to do or must or should do. We focused on statements made directly by the authors of the articles or reviews, rather than recapitulation of other authors unless the author or reviewer used it as part of her or his own larger assertion about what will be.