State Of Nature Would Be State Of War

plead Of temperament Would Be allege Of fightThomas Hobbes set out to account for semi policy-making office staff with the use of the plead of Nature. He illustrated what life outside of society without any(prenominal) overall authority keeping any unitary in check would be like. Hobbes identified the relegate of Nature with a res publica of contend but used war in an extended sense, to include not clean armed hostilities but any situation where on that point is no reason fitted expectation that hostilities will not erupt. He argued that the kn admit readiness to engage in acts of aggression amounts in itself to a claim of War. Specifically there atomic number 18 three principal causes of quarrel (lev) which throw plurality into hostilities. These causes are competition, diffidence and glory (Lev p. 88) and together they ensure that the disk operating system of Nature is a State of War.The State of Nature put simply is a situation in which hu domain bes have no gov ernment, no political institutions and the feelings that they engender and no executive forces such as a police force or army in other words, it is a match of anarchy. The State of Nature is an idealisation, a model. (Engaging P.19) Hobbes uses the State of Nature to justify political authority, or as Hobbes calls it, the commonwealth. He does not describe literally everything that would be the case in the absence of political arrangements, but only those things that matter for explaining political authority. What Hobbes did, was to identify features of human nature and the human condition that are universal, that in no style depend upon political authority relations, and that are relevant to explaining political authority causally. The State of Nature can be considered as a condition from which people are to escape if political authority is to be justified. So the sole alternative to political authority is the State of Nature, however according to Hobbes, the State of Nature is unbearably nasty as what is crucial to the state of natures justificatory role is the fact that life in it is pretty grim. Therefore the sole alternative to political authority is unbearably nasty, hence imposing political authority is justified. Hobbes attempted to illustrate that subjection to authority is vastly preferable to anarchy the State of War he held the view that if we had reasons to believe that political authority is much better than the State of Nature, then imposing political authority is justified.Hobbes attempted to demonstrate that the State of Nature is a State of War in order to justify political authority. He depicted the State of War as a throw in full of insecurity and uncertainty in order to further substantiate his claim. The State does not necessarily consist in actual fighting, but a kn consume disposition thereto, during which there is no assurance to the contrary. (page 86 Leviathan). Hobbes depicted the State of War as a condition in which civilisati on and its benefits are absent. Only through the organisation of society and the establishment of the commonwealth can civilisation be attained. One thing that Hobbes recognised about the natural condition of mankind was the relative equality of individuals within it. When Hobbes spoke of equality he did not mean equality in a moralised sense, but more the diffusion of physical and mental endowments. Nature has made men so equal that, although nigh humans are manifestly stronger in body or of fast mind, these endowments are distributed in such a way that even the weakest, slowest and dum surmount among them can crop up the strongest, fastest and smartest. Hobbes claimed that when all is reckoned together, the difference between man and man is not so considerable, all human beings are, in other words, vulnerable to assault at the hands of all others. Equality, for Hobbes, is based upon the equal ability to kill or conquer others so inevitably equality leads to conflict, a State o f Nature will be a war of all against all.(leviathan p. Vii)In the State of Nature, there are three causes of conflict competition, distrust and the desire for glory. Competition leads to fighting for grain, diffidence to fighting to keep what has been gained and glory to fighting for reputation. These sources of conflict organise from what Hobbes calls the equality of ability (lev) in men. This natural equality of men is not equality of pays or of worth but an equality of ability, which leads to equality of hope in attaining ones ends and so to competition. The right of each to all things invites serious conflict, especially if there is competition for resources, as goods -are in relatively short supply in the State of Nature.(Stamford) So if any two men want a single thing which cannot be attained by both, they will become enemies (page 84 Leviathan) divergence can occur for example when someone has come to possess a better piece of land. If an invader would have nothing to fe ar but that one mans individual power, then it is more than likely that someone will choose to invade this estate and attempt to deprive the owner of his possessions. But then the prospered invader will then be in similar danger from someone else. It is an endless cycle of conflict in the State of Nature, which inevitably creates unfriendly conditions. However, Hobbes claim that all men are equal is false. The very young, the very old and the infirm generally pose no mortal threat to able bodied persons in the prime of life and therefore there would be no competition in some circumstances. Whilst it was not Hobbess aim to describe what is literally the case, this does demonstrate that not all of his reasons were convincing when explaining why the State of Nature would be a State of War.Hobbes further illustrated a State of as a State of War as it is a place where nobody feels secure, each person has a reason to attack any other person, for fear of being attacked first this is what Hobbes referred to as diffidence. Because of this distrust amongst men, the most reasonable way for anyone to make themselves safe is to bump into first, so attack can be seen as the best form of defence in a State of War. And, because each person has roughly equal killing power, everybody is both a potential killer and a potential victim. The fact that each of them is liable to aggression from others means that each person has to treat every other person as an enemy. People dont just regard everyone as possible enemies, in the State of War everyone is an enemy. Hence diffidence makes people invade one another for safety. Hobbes quite rightly held that the State of Nature would be a State of War therefore as people would fear that others may invade them, and may rationally plan to strike first as an anticipatory defense, a natural human instinct to preserve their own safety. Hobbes also said that The State of War arises from the nature of some people, mainly those who want others to value them as highly as they values themselves. exult drives people to attack others to raise their value in the eyes of others. Glory is therefore a source of unwarranted aggression and when there is no common power to keep people at peace, conflict will occur which Hobbes quite rightly said.Hobbes had a particularly good reason for believing that the State of Nature would be one of war as morality has no place in this pre-political world that Hobbes created. Everyone has an interest in killing everyone else pre-emptively, whenever possible, and this is acceptable as nothing holds any individuals back from committing any immoral acts, humans would simply act as their interests dictate. In a State of Nature, by definition there are no rules, not even unenforceable ones that might warn some from committing such acts. Therefore even moral restrictions to do or withhold from doing certain things for example, not to kill have no effect in a State of Nature. Hobbess view was that in the natural State of War there are no objective moral distinctions. In this State of War of every man against every man nothing can be unjust. The notions of right and wrong, justice and injustice, have n place. Where there is no common power, there is no law, where no law, no injustice.Hobbes assumed that the state of nature would be a state of war as taking people as they in truth are, if you were to remove all political institutions, the natural proclivities that would ensue would lead to a state of war. Notably, without political institutions, the natural impulses to self-preservation are doomed to failure. In the state of nature, that is our dejected predicament.Natural right of self-preservation (ch. 14) the liberty each one has to use her/his own power for self-preservation.A central claim of HobbesIt is rational to give up ones right to self-governance to a sovereign, if everyone else agrees to do the same. (See chapter 17, section 13)The natural state of war, therefore , is the state of affairs in which the individual is dependent for his security on his own strength and his own wits. In such conditions there is no place for hard work, because there is no assurance that it will yield results and consequently no cultivation of the earth, no navigation or use of materials that can be imported by sea, no construction of large buildings, no machines for moving things that require much force, no knowledge of the face of the earth, no account of time, no practical skills, no literature or scholarship, no society and-worst of all-continual fear and danger of violent death, and the life of man solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.Perhaps we would imagine that people might fare best in such a state, where each decides for herself how to act, and is judge, jury and executioner in her own case whenever disputes arise-and that at any rate, this state is the appropriate baseline against which to judge the justifiability of political arrangements.

Developing Emergency Action Plan for Gym

Developing Emergency Action Plan for GymUnderstanding essential procedures in fitness environmentAn requisite solvent system is polar for ensuring a safe environment for members, users, and staff, as well as being a genuinely sound practice for managing try. With health and fitness facilities, an emergency response system essential be established to offer the highest reasonable safety level for users and staff.Emergency middle school procedures are the established plans that are instigated if an emergency occurs. It whitethorn be simply a power outage, or much seriously a medical emergency, a fire or even a weather-related scenario. Gyms must require an emergency action plan (EAP) in place so that all the occupants at the time will be able to act efficaciously if required.What Would You Do?If a gym clients is seriously injured, or worse, dies in front of you while they have been exercising. What would you do? The question usually comes as a write out surprise to existing and new instructors. Unfortunately, the nonion of folks dying or being injured while in an exercise environment is rarely address by the gym management, or by employees. Therefore, when it does happens, which it will one day, the gym is in chaos as basically nobody greets what procedures to fol abject.Gym Emergency characteristic ScenarioThis is what usually happens when procedures are obscure.The gym staff are non clear about what to do, panic whitethorn ensue.The front desk operator telephones 911 (or the police).The gym management may performs cardiopulmonary resuscitation/AED.Members are afraid to booster or do not wish to be involved.While this scenario is generally what happens, it is that the instructor/trainers not knowing that is curiously disturbing when seconds and minutes are crucial and washbasin save a life.The reasoning here is that on the whole the gym staff do not know a gyms emergency procedures, regarding say, a heart attack. Even if they do know the proc edure, how many instructors are CRP/AED certified?Why more Gym Managements Dont Know EAP?It is assumed that instructors who are CPR/AED certified already know what to do.They do not want to scare outdoor(a) new instructors.The gym has no procedures in place for emergencies (other than call 911).It has not occurred to the manager/owner that clients may experience heart attacks at that place.Chain of Command each gym should have a chain of responsibility which is deployed during an emergency. Emergencies can happen at any moment. There will be occasions when the someone in overall orient will not be in the premises. That is why a chain of responsibility is essential, as the next person becomes in charge of the emergency.Activation of EAPThe individual in charge at the time should make the call to activate an EAP. If a medical emergency has occurred, then those who are develop in CPR and emergency aid must remain with the patient. The person in charge at the time will coordinate the staff and gym force out as to what they must do while the plan is in activation.Location of EquipmentAll gyms should have emergency equipment to hand. This must include a stolon aid kit, a telephone, fire extinguisher/s and sometimes an automated external defibrillator (AED). Every person that works in the gym must know where this equipment is on tap(predicate).Posting of Emergency ProcedureGyms should have an EAP poster in a circumpolar position in order that all the information is easily available in case of an emergency. This should list the chain of command, the side of emergency equipment, and other relevant information. People do not really think clearly in an emergency, and having an EAP poster with all relevant information can save a lives when time matters most.Managing the RisksThe management of risk refers to those practices and systems that gyms should establish to limit their exposure to any authorisation liability or financial detriment. In the health club a nd fitness industry, risk management refers to the practices, systems and procedures by which a gym can reduce the risk of an employee or a client coming to harm (injury or death). Risk management involves practices that are preventive (such as pre-activity screening and correctly maintaining equipment) to practices that can be considered a reaction to unexpected events (such as emergency response systems).It must be acknowledged that the various types of health and fitness facilities do markedly vary, from the unattended to medically supervised clinical exercise centers.Gyms and exercise facilities often serve varied aims and clients, they do or dont have organized programs, and too may or may not employ staff that are qualified.Management should use the local medical personnel or healthcare professionals to help develop an emergency response program.Local emergency medical services (EMS) can help a facility to develop a response program.Gyms and facilities can also engage the se rvices of a physician, a registered nurse, or a certified emergency medical technician to assist in the development of their response program.An emergency response system should consider any emergency situations that may occur.Among these are medical emergencies that can be foreseen in regard to moderate or more intense workouts, such as hypoglycemia, a heart attack, a cuff, cardiac arrest or heat illness, and injuries that are in nature orthopedic.The response system should also consider other potential emergencies not specifically caused by physical activity, such a chemical accident, fire, and a range of weather and subjective disaster events.An emergency response plan should consider explicit steps and instructions on how the emergency situation must be dealt with and including the roles that 1st , second , and 3rd responders to an emergency will play.Additionally, an emergency response plan must indicate clearly the locations of emergency equipment (e.g., telephone for 911 an d contact info for EMS, locations of the emergency exits, and the entranceway points for EMS personnel), and also the steps needed to contact local EMS.It is preferable to physically rehearse the emergency response system at least twice per year. medical checkup Emergencies at the GymExercise brings so many health benefits, and moreover is beneficial to people with many medical conditions that include heart disease and myocardial infarction (heart attack).The risk of a sudden medical emergency is ever present, and medical emergencies may occur before, during and after exercise. For vulnerable people, exercise may precipitate an emergency at the gym which can emanate from many different medical conditions the like diabetes or high blood pressure, heart disease, and also a poor physical condition, or obesity and so on. For example, if an individual experiences pressure of the chest during or after an exercise session, they must call an ambulance to ride to the infirmary irrespectiv e of whether the person is on medication for blood pressure or has had three prior heart attacks, if they are 22 years of age, or manifestly fit and ruddy.What to do in an EmergencyLet us assume that you are an instructor in a gym which has no clearly visible emergency procedure, or none that you are of. Perhaps one day you will hear a PA system announcement asking Is there a doctor or nurse in the building? that is usually a sign that something quite bad has happened. You might or might not hear those words over the PA. All clubs are different.If you feel that an emergency is occurring, whatever you may be doing, should be dropped and then head to the emergency location to assess the situation. Do not assume that someone else will do it. If you are instructing at the time, make excuses and go yourself.After arriving, these basic steps should be followed.If a person collapses, then immediately inform emergency medical services and also care for the person according to the guidelin es of the American Heart tie beam CPR or similar authority.If there is an automated external defibrillator (AED) available, then utilise it.Every instructor or trainer and gym management personnel are encouraged to at attend a basic CPR course.CPR techniques are easy to learn and they carry a very low risk of transmission of any disease to a provider if hands-only CPR is used or one of other modern protocols that de-emphasize giving give up breaths mouth-to-mouth.The training will help to prepare one to deal with a clear medical emergency such as collapse and in particular, the loss of pulse.Many medical emergencies begin with much less clear signs or symptoms.Chest pain is perhaps the most prevalent symptom of a cardiac emergency, although people often describe what they are feeling as tightness or pressure. Discomfort or sensations in the jaw or neck, the arms, the upper stomach or back, may also be linked to a cardiac event.Even without any chest discomfort, a shortness of bre ath, may well be a heart attack symptom or other medical emergency. This is a common feeling at a gym even for healthy individuals during or immediately following exercise. The thing to watch for is whether the shortness of breath seems dis-proportionate to the situation or if it is lasting longer than normal.Unfortunately, several other possible causes may be associated with a cardiac event such as, lightheadedness, nausea and sweating amongst them. Again, the rule of thumb is to look for what may seem out of the ordinary under the circumstances.Strokes are also a medical emergency which requires immediate response. While strokes are less usually thought of as being associated with exercising, the symptoms and signs of a stroke includea sudden headache,difficulty with finding wordslanguage comprehensionconfusionspeech is slurredun coordinated movement and numbnessa tingling or a weakness particularly on one side of the body or face.What actually constitutes a real medical emergen cy is often a challenging judgment call, and if one is in doubt then its better to send the person immediately to an emergency discussion section and let the professionals assess. Occasionally, people might prefer to visit an urgent care or their doctors office, but those facilities will usually not have the necessary resources to assess or manage a real emergency and so should be consulted for routine health care and what are clearly shaver issues.Some may wish to avoid the expense or drama of calling an ambulance. Bear in brainiac that if a person is really having a heart attack or a stroke, the minutes count, and the time elapsing from the start of the event to treatment will determine the extent of damage to heart musclebuilder or to the brain elapsing time can dramatically alter outcomes.If CPR is NecessaryKeep calmPerform CPR /use the AED (if you are CPR/AED certified)Have a staff member call 911 and also contact the gym manager/owner, regarding the incidentPerform CPR ( or AED) until the paramedics arrive get word a staff member to get the members club file to give to the paramedics on their arrival (this file should contain contact info, the medications of the person and such like, important info for paramedics).Assign a member of staff to wait outside the premises, to escort the paramedics inside and to the emergency location on their arrival. tear an incident reportCommon Gym Related EmergenciesOccasionally an athlete may experience a potentially life changing injury, such as to the head or a severe neck injury, eye injuries, or similar. However the majority of sports-related injuries will be bone and soft tissue injuries like strains, sprains, dislocations and knee injuries. Most of these injuries will absolutely require treatment, but it may not be necessary to call for an emergency response.On the whole, apart from the very serious health emergencies which may never even happen in your presence, most injuries that are gym and exercise relate d are avoidable. Remember the well-off rules to follow, and hopefully almost all injuries will not occur on your watch.Warm upStretching (both pre- and post-exercise )HydrationNutritionRestBear in mind that a body operates like a machine, yet it requires diligent maintenance such as correct nutrition, stretching and rest. Too much of a dear(p) thing, or overworking the body is always inadvisable and regularly leads to negative results. Remember to know your own limits and also those of the clients, meaning listen to your body and hopefully the incidence of injury will be greatly diminished.

The Meaning of What Are Years? by Marianne Moore :: Poems, Poetry Analysis

In the poem What Are Years?, Moore clearly expresses her perception of life.Moore states that no unitary can truly understand the nature of their guilt or innocence. Everyone is naked to the dangers of existence. Moore defines courage as resolute doubt, having the ability, or the the strength of spirit, to keep going even when defeated. To be strong, one mustiness accept their take in mortality. One must accept the reality of death and yet keep fighting to live. Although we are all imprisoned in a world of mortality, we must fight every day to give meaning to our life. We must live as if we were never going to dieMoore begins the last stanza with an ambiguous So. Although one has a heightened awareness of mortality, one behaves, one keeps the ego disciplined. This is the same concept as that of the caged bird who, though held captive in a cruelly subaltern space, continues to sing with all his heart. Despite the birds lack of satisfaction because of his loss of flight and fre edom, he knows joy.

Measuring Progress in the Technological Transformation of Writing Instruction :: Technology

Measuring Progress in the Technological Transformation of pen InstructionThe most provocative rhetorical moment for any new enterprise is the moment in which some maven opines what the enterprise leave do, will cause, or will enable. Inventor Dean Kamen claims that the Segway will revolutionize personal transportation. But we must wait and see, with varying degrees of anticipation, whether this comes true. In any popular cultural groundwork one cares to name, there is an explicit or implicit claim about the way that the innovation will change or transform life, its quality, or its effect. And one of the most prolific generators of pronouncements of time to come effect has been that enterprise commonly called the computer revolution.Given that the technologized nature of composition renders it just as prone to pronouncements as to how things will be, and given that its important to assess any major enterprise by comparing outcomes to original claims, it makes sense that techno- compositionists have been making broody and summative assertions about the state of technological writing instruction. Cynthia Selfe, Christina Haas, Barbara Blakely Duffelmeyer, and others have recently and specifically called us to look carefully and critically at the implications of what we are doing as teachers of technologized literacy. On a larger scale, It makes sense to look at the claims made in and by the profession of writing teachers about what will meet to the future of writing in a technological age. Here, we review claims made over the last ten years about the transformation of literacy, writing, and its instruction in the pages of College war paint and Communication, College English, and Computers and Composition. We then assert how far the profession has really come, as opposed to how far we thought wed be, and suggest some ways of overcoming the blocks to reaching these goals. We surveyed CE, CCC, and C&C from 1992 through 2002. We looked exclusively for what we call will claimsthat is, direct or obviously implied specific predictive claims of what technology will do to teaching, writing, and literacy, or what will happen in these environments. We cerebrate on these strong statements, not on statements of what ought to happen, what we need or will need to do or must or should do. We focused on statements made directly by the authors of the articles or reviews, rather than recapitulation of other authors unless the author or reviewer used it as part of her or his own larger assertion about what will be.

Lovers Quarrels in Love, 20 cents the First Quarter Mile Essay

Lovers Quarrels in Love, 20 cents the world-class Quarter Mile   Kenneth Fearings poem Love, 20 cents the First Quarter Mile, expresses the wide range of emotions experienced in an purpose.  The poem depicts the all too familiar situation of a lovers quarrel in which the persona, whom we can produce is male, struggles to resolve an argument during a taxi ride.  During his attempts to resolve the quarrel, the persona experiences a variety of emotions ranging from apologetic to accusatory to sarcastic to romantic.  In this poem, the reader gains a person-to-person insight into the conflicting and rapidly changing feelings of the persona.        The first stanza of the poem leads the reader to believe that the persona has been a less than perfect familiar spirit to his counterpart.  However, the persona seems will to concede that he may have committed a few transgressions, and seems apologetic for them.  He concedes that he may have lied to and about(line 1) his companion, and that he also damned her extravagance, maligned her tastes,/ libeled her relatives, and slandered a few of her friends(4-5).  Nevertheless, he entreats, come back(7).        In the second stanza, the persona expresses his voluntaryness to concede to his companion, as long as she is willing to make some of her own concessions.    I will agree to forget the statements that you issued/...to the neighbors...,/ and you will forget that figment of you imagination, the blonde/ from Detroit/ I will agree that your madam friend...is not crazy.../but on the contrary rather bright,/ and you will concede that...Steinburg is neither a drunk/ nor a swindler,... ...  We will have a solemnisation to end all celebrations(28).  He reveals how petty he thinks the argument was by contradicting his earlier concessions.  We will invite...Steinburg, who is off the wagon, by the way, and that insane/ woman who lives up stairs...(31-32).  Apparently, the storm of the argument has passed, and the reader feels a sense of calmness and resolution.               During this poem readers intimately experience the broad range of feelings experienced by the persona in a light period of time.  The significance of the title, Love, 20 cents the First Quarter Mile, is that the persona is not only paying for a cab ride, but for the time it takes to placate his companion and convince her of his love for her that will outlast even the pettiest of arguments. 

Classification Essay - Weight Lifters :: Classification Essays Gym Working Out

Classification Essay - Weight Lifters Entertainment has been an established part of the American culture around since its founding. The types of entertainment that most Americans enjoy in todays world are going to the movies, going out to eat, and exercising. Different forms of exercise vary from running and playing sports to cant over lifting. Those who enjoy weight lifting can choose to do so in the privacy of their home, in a community center worry the YMCA, or in a health club. At a health club one can expect to find a wide variety of plenty however, somewhat of these people add to the downside of working out at a local health club because they can be annoying and obnoxious. Three types of these annoying, obnoxious people found at the weight room of a local health club are the show-off, the know-it-all, and the wanderer these types can be identified by their tender-arm appearance, their social behavior, and their attitude. The first type, the show-off, is known by his flashy appearance, his misanthropic social skills, and his arrogant attitude. The show-off is a single male in his twenties who drives a European luxury car he always comes to the gym wearing a tank top to display his deep tan and a span of black and green spandex shorts. He is heavily built and all his muscles are well defined. But he is a man with poor social skills he seldom talks to another soul and always works out by himself. He frequently ignores the greetings and good-byes of the health club employees when he does answer a friendly Hi, how is it going or a See you later, he does so in a deep, blunt, morbid tone of voice. He also likes to emphasize how strong and masculine he is by working out at the very front and center of the weight room, where everyone can see him. He refuses requests for help from others like a cheerleader refusing to go on a date with an pimply, nerdy classmate. Most people who work out at health clubs are glad to do without the sho w-off. The stake type is the know-it-all he is identified by his commonplace appearance, moderately developed social skills, and commanding attitude.

The Beatles Essay -- essays research papers

The BeatlesThere have been more books published about one 20th century icon than anyother, this resound that is said to have broken down barriers in all ways, is theBeatles. Their music was said to have driven that younger generation mad.Perhaps it was because they were one of the jump bands ever play real rock androll music or maybe it was those cute little peacoats they wore. Or maybe itwas scantily because they were foreigners in the valet de chambre of music, yet seemed to fitright in with the young people. Whatever reason was, the Beatles were a bandthat shaped a generation and ones soon to come.The Beatles were more than just a rock and roll band , they were a group ofyoung men who wanted to go a new direction in music. lavatory Lennon, one of leadvocalists, basically started with the intention of moving away from the"Skiffle Boom Era" which was dominating the time. In his doing so, he began tolay the foundation for what would later be the most famous rock band ev er. Theoriginal band members were as follows John Lennon, vocals and guitar PaulMcCartney, vocals George Harrison, guitar Pete Best, drums StuartSutcliffe, bass guitar.In March of 1961, the Beatles began to play at the order of magnitude that wouldlater be nicknamed "The Home of the Beatles". The Cavern Club, whichs premisescomprised a small group of cellars below a seven story warehouse which hadoriginally been apply as an air raid shelter during the war. Later, Alan Sytner,a jazz fan dec...